研究生 朗文英语听说教程二教师手册.docx
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研究生朗文英语听说教程二教师手册
LECTUREAUDIOSCRIPTS
UNIT1What’sinaName?
?
TEACHER:
Goodmorning,everybody.Goodmorning,Felipe,Monica,
Theo,andIcan'trememberyourname.
STUDENT1:
Patricia.
TEACHER:
Patricia,right,Patricia.Thoseareallbeautifulnames,andthat's
ourtopictoday-names.Namesareacultureuniversal.Thismeanseveryone
usesnames.Aperson'snamecantellusabitaboutaperson'sfamily.Today,
we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheir
children.Andthenwe'lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferent
categoriesoffamilynames.Althoughthescopeofthelecturetodayis
English-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookat
namesfromanyculture.
Let'stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparents
choosethefirstnamefortheirchild.
Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitis
passedfromgenerationtogeneration;forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbe
namedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassed
todaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding"junior"or"thesecond"
forexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys',notwithgirls’
names.
Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwho
hasdiedrecently,oraftersomeone"theyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderor
afamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,for
example,"Richard"meanspowerfuland“Ann"meansgrace,nowadays
meaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby'sname.
Thethirdwayistoprovidea"push"forthechild.Parentswanttochoosea
namethatsoundsvery"successful."Astrongnamemighthelptheminthe
businessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksfor
eithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthe
mostcommonwayparentschooseaname?
Manyparentschooseaname
simplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit'sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsin
nameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynames
camefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahand
Matthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,
namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.
Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin
1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,
David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:
Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,and
Katherine,justtonameafew.They'reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.
Let'slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.
Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey'vedividedthem
intofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:
placenames,patronymics,added
names,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000
mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,
32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9
percentwereaddednames.
Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwherea
personlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,for
example,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmma
Bridges,whatimagedoyousee?
Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?
Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.
Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That'sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.A
patronymicisthefather’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.The
endingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,
Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,Petersenis
sonofPeter,andsoon.
Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory
"nicknames,"butwhenmostofusheartheword"nickname,"wethinkofa
specialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.Theword"nickname"isactually
anoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI'll
usetheterm"addedname."Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethe
namesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.
Reedwasfrom"red"forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,
someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.
STUDENT2:
Someonebig?
TEACHER:
Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,we
couldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.
Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamily
namewastheperson'soccupation.Themostcommonexamplesof
occupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker(someonewhobakesbread).
Tailor(someonewhosewsclothes).Miller(someonewhomakesflourfor
bread),andSmith....Now,Smithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthe
westernEnglish-speakingworld.ThenamecomesfromanOldEnglishword,
smite,that'sS-M-I-T-E,whichmeanstohitorstrike.Intheolddays,asmith
mademetalthingsfordailylife,liketools.Everytownneededsmiths.What's
interestingisthatmanylanguageshaveafamilynamethatmeansSmith.In
ArabicitisHaddad,H-A-D-D-A-D.InSpanishitisHerrera,H-E-R-R-E-R-
A.InItalianitisFerraro,F-E-R-R-A-R-O.AndinGermanitisSchmidt,
spelledS-C-H-M-I-D-T.Allthesenamesmeansmith.
Thoughnamesmaytellussomethingaboutsomeone'sfamilyhistory,you
needtokeepinmindthattheymaynottellusmuchatallaboutthepresent.
Forexample,there'susuallynotmuchconnectionbetweentheoriginofthe
nameandthepersonwhohasitnow.TakethenameCook,forinstance.A
personnamedCooktodayprobablydoesn'tcookforaliving.Also,many
peoplechangetheirnamesforvariousreasons.Lotsofpeoplewhohave
movedtotheUnitedStateshavechangedtheirnamestosoundmoreAmerican.
Thishappenslessnowthaninthepast,butpeoplestilldoit.Peoplealsouse
pennamesorstagenamestogivethemselvesaprofessionaladvantage.For
example,thewriterSamuelClemensusedthepennameMarkTwain,and
ThomasMapotherIVusesthestagenameTomCruisey.
So,let'srecapnow.Intoday’slesson,welookedathowparentschoose
Englishfirstnames.Wealsolookedatsomecommonoriginsoffamilynames.
Inthenextclass,we'lllookathownamesaregiveninKoreaandinJapan.
Thisiscoveredinthenextsectionofthebook.That’sallfortoday.
Unit2English:
AGlobalLanguage?
TEACHER:
Today’stopicisEnglishasagloballanguage.Iknowmanyof
youspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage,right?
Howaboutyou,Hiroshi?
Is
Englishyourfirstlanguage?
STUDENT1:
No,myfirstlanguageisJapanese.Englishismysecond
language.
TEACHER:
Andhowaboutyou,Patricia?
STUDENT2:
Englishismysecondlanguage,too.Myfirstlanguageis
Spanish.
TEACHER:
See,manyofyouuseEnglishasasecondlanguage,evenasa
globallanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeoplewhospeakEnglishasa
secondlanguage.Today,Iwanttogiveyoutwocontrastingpointsofviewon
whetherornotEnglishisagloballanguage.ThefirstisthatEnglishis
obviouslyagloballanguage.Peoplewhosupportthispointofviewbelieve
Englishisthelanguagepeopleallovertheworldusetocommunicate,and
thatitisgraduallyreplacingotherlanguages.Thesecondpointofviewisthat
Englishisnottrulyagloballanguagebecauseitisnotthemainlanguage
spokenbypeopleworldwide.Supportersofthisviewsaythatthoughmany
peoplespeaksomeEnglishworldwide,Englishhasnotreplacedother
languages.TheyacknowledgethatpeopleuseEnglisheveryday,formany
reasons,butthisdoesn'tmeanEnglishisreplacingotherlanguages,nordoes
itmakeEnglishthemainlanguagespokenintheworld.
First,let'sexaminethefirstview.Firstofall,Englishisthedominantlanguage
ofbusiness,travel,andscience.Whenpeopleneedacommonlanguage,they
oftenuseEnglish.Thinkaboutit.Englishisoftenusedattouristinformation
centers,ininternationalhotels.IfyouuseataxiinRome,andyoucan'tspeak
Italian,thetaxidriverismorelikelytouseEnglishthananyotherlanguages.
Itisuseatbusinessmeetingsandinternationalsportsevents.TheEuropean
UnionusesEnglish,alongwithFrench,atitsmeetings….ASEANtheAsian
tradegroup,usesEnglishatitsmeetings.Canyouthinkofothersituationsin
whichEnglishisusedascommonlanguage?
STUDENT2:
Howaboutthisclass?
AllofinthePhilippines,Singapore,and
Indian.
TEACHER:
Absolutely.Educationalsettingsareagreatexample.Any
others?
STUDENT2:
Howaboutachatroomonsometimesgotochatroomsand
everyoneisusingEnglish.
TEACHER:
Excellentexample.TheInternethascreatedalotof
communitiesandpeopleoftenuseEnglish.Infact,mostpeoplewhousethe
InternetknowEnglish.ThishelpssupporttheviewthatEnglishisaglobal
language.
ThesecondmajorreasonthatpeoplebelieveEnglishisagloballanguageis
thatitistheofficiallanguageofmorethanseventy-fivecountries.Thismeans
thesecountriesuseEnglishinschools,banks,business,andgovernment.Of
theseseventy-fivecountries,Englishmaybetheonlyofficiallanguageofthe
country,likeinEngland,orEnglishmaybeusedalongwithotherofficial
languages,likeinthePhilippines,Singapore,andIndia.IncountrieslikeIndia,
wheresomanylanguagesarespoken,youcanseehowusingEnglishasan
officiallanguagemakesiteasierforpeopletocommunicate.
Thethirdreasontosupporttheglobalargumentisthateveryyearabout1
billionpeoplestudyEnglish.Why?
Whataresomeofthereasons?
Hiroshi?
Howaboutyou?
STUDENT1:
Well,nowtostudy,andsomedayIwanttobeininternational
business.
TEACHER:
That'sasolidreason.Howaboutyou,Oksana?
STUDE