雅思听力test 总汇.docx

雅思听力test 总汇.docx

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雅思听力test总汇

1.Okay.Uh-yourememberthatI’vementionedthatit’simportanttoreadtheassignedpoemsaloud,soyoucandevelopanappreciationofthesoundsofthepoetry:

therhymes,therhythm,therepetitionofwordsorsounds,andtogetasenseoftheinterplay（相互影响）betweenthesoundsofthewordsandtheirmeaning.Thisisreallycriticalaswemoveintomodernpoetry,especiallybywriterswhoplacesomuchimportanceonsoundsthatthemeaningbecomesallbetterrelevant,likethislinebyGertrudeSteinthatI‘dliketoquote.Listen.ListenasIsaythewords:

“Roseisaroseisaroseisarose.”Takenliterally,thiswouldseemtobeanemptystatement,onewhichgivesusnoinformation.Butthepurposeofapoemneednotbetoinformthereaderofanything,butrathertoevoke（引起、唤起、博得）feelings,tocreateasensualaesthetically（审美学，美学观点上地）pleasingexperience.NowGertrudeSteinwasbetterknownforherprose（散文）thanforherpoems.ButI’dliketoquotethislinebecauseofitsmusicality,andbecauseIthinkithelpsopenupourawarenesstotheunconventionallyricism（抒情性）ofcontemporarypoets.You’llseethisinyourhomeworktonightasyoureadthepoetryofJohnAshbery,especiallyifyoureaditoutloud,whichIrecommendyoudo.PoetslikeAshberydon’trelysomuchonanyformalrhymescheme（格律）ormeter（韵律）asonthemusicalqualityoftheindividualwordsthemselves.AsIsaid,Steinwasbetterknownforhernon-poeticalwork.AndnowI’dliketotouchbrieflyonheressayentitled“ConversationandExplanation”.Thisworkdealswithhertheoryofwritingandwillhelptoexplainsomeofthethingswe’vetalkingabout.

2.Whilewe’reonthetopicofthingsthattechnologyhasmadeobsolete（淘汰的）,I’dliketospendafewminutesontheiceindustry,oneofthemajorindustriesintheUnitedStatesinthe1800s.Nowbeforerefrigeratorscameintocommonuse,peopleinruralareasoftenhadawelloraspringhousetokeepperishable（易腐坏的）fruitsfresh.We’realltooyoungtohaveusedone,butaspringhousewasasmallbuildingthatpeoplewouldbuildoveraspring.Farmfamiliesbackthenwouldrelyoncoldwaterfromthespringtohelpkeepdairyproductsormeatcool.Butpeopleincitieswouldhaveiceboxesinstead.Andthey’dbuyblocksoficeputintheseboxes.Andthenthey’dpackalltheirmilkormeatinsidetokeepitfresh.Sountilrefrigeratorsmadeitobsolete,theiceindustrysuppliedcitydwellerswiththeseblocksofice.Nowby1800s,peoplehadlearnedhowtoharvestblocksoficefromlakesandponds,andlatertocoverthisicewithhay（干草）andstoreitinicehouses.Theseicehouseswereenormous（庞大的）,amongthelargeststructuresanywhereinthecountryatthattime.Icehousesweresoimportantthattheyoftenhadrailroadtracksgoingrightupnexttothem.Inadditiontobeingtransportedbytrain,icewasdeliveredbyshipallalongtheeastcoastorfurtherinlandbycanalboat（运河船）.Eventuallytheindustrysuppliedblocksofficetoalmostanyplaceinthecountrywherepeoplecouldaffordsuchaluxury.

3.Weonlyhaveafewminutesleft,soI’dliketogooveracoupleofpointsbeforewemoveon.Rememberthatalthoughtherearebothhorizontalandverticalmovementsofair,theterm‘wind’isonlyappliedtohorizontalmovements,andthatmoreairisinvolvedinthosehorizontalmovementsthaninverticalmovements.Andwhatcausesthesehorizontalmovements?

Ultimately,it’ssolarradiation.Becausetheunequalheatingoftheearthandtheatmosphereproduceshorizontaldifferencesinairpressure,thesedifferencessetwindsinmotion.Essentially,windsarenature’swayofbalancingouttheunevendistribution（不均匀分布）ofairpressureovertheearth.Secondlyletmerepeatmyanswertothequestionwehadbeforeaboutwinddirection.Manypeoplegetconfusedbywhattheyhearinweatherforecasts.Wetalkaboutthewinddirectionintermsofwherethewind’scomingfrom,notwhereit’sblowingto.There’sagoodreasonforthis.Toweatherforecasters,theoriginofthewindismoreimportantthanitsdestination.Thewind’soriginhelpsthempredicttheweather.Logicallyinthenorthernhemisphere（北半球）anorthwindtendstobringcolderweather,andasouthwindwarmerweather.Ihaven’tforgottenverticalmovementsofairbutwedon’thavetimetodaytotalkaboutthemindepth.Inournextclassthen,I’llbeginbydiscussingupdraft（向上气流）anddowndraft,andhowtheyaffecttheweather.Isuspectmostofyoucanguesswhichofthetwobringstowarmweatherandwhichbringscold.

4.Hi,I’mJimBlack.Beforeyougetstartedwithclasstoday,DoctorWebsterhasgivenmeafewminutestotalktoyouaboutthebiologydepartment’songoingturtlewatchprojectdowntheSouthBeach.Asmanyofyouprobablyknow,SouthBeachisanimportantnestingsiteforthegreenturtle,atypeofendangeredseaturtle.Inthenextfewdays,turtlesfromseveralnestingsitesre-identifiedalongthebeachwillhatch（孵化）andheadforthewater.Theproblemisthatalotofthesehatchlingswillnevermakeit.Raccoons（浣熊）andhungrybirdswillgetmanyofthembeforetheyreachthesurf.Sowehavea24-hourwatchgoingonnowsothatvolunteerswillbeonhandtoprotecttheturtlesaftertheyhatch.Oh,andwealsoneedsomeonetonotifytheownersofbeachfronthomestoleavetheyyardlightsoffforthenextcoupleofweeks.Thebabyturtlesareattractedtoartificiallights（人造光）suchastorchlightsandheadlights.Infact,someofthemenduponthebeachhighway,andarekilledbypassingcars.Sowe’retryingtominimizelightsonthelandwardsideofthebeach.Nowifyou’reinterested,pleasestopbymyofficeinthebiologydepartmentandsignup.Whatareweaskingyoutodo?

We’reaskingforatleasta2-hourcommitmentformeachparticipant.Oh,andpleasenotethatturtle-watchactivitiesdonotconstituteexcusedabsencesfromclass.Thanks.

5.Yourprofessorhasaskedmetotalktoyoutodayaboutthetopicthatshouldbeofrealconcerntocivilengineers（土木工程师）:

theerosionoftheUnitedStatesbeaches.Letmestartwithsomestatistics.Didyouknowthat90percentofthecoastinthiscountryiseroding,ontheGulfofMexicoforinstance,erosionaverages4to5feetperyear.Overthepasttwentyyears,therehasbeenanincreaseinbuildingalongthecoast,eventhoughgeologistandenvironmentalisthavebeenwarningcommunitiesaboutproblemslikeerosion.Somewaycommunitieshavetriedtoprotecttheirbuildingsandroadsandtobuildseawalls.Howevergeologistshavefoundthatsuchstabilizingstructureactuallyspeedupthedestructionofthebeaches.Thesebeacheswithseawallscalledstabilizedbeachesaremuchnarrowerthanbeacheswithoutthem.Youmaywonderhowseawallsspeedupbeachloss.Theexplanationissimple.Iftheflowofthebeachesisgentle,thewaterenergyislessenedasitwashesupalongtheshore.Itisreducedevenmorethatreturnstotheseasoitdoesn’tcarrybackmuchsand.Ontheotherhand,whenthewaterhitthenearlyverticalfaceoftheseawall,itgoesstraightbacktotheseawiththefullforceofitsenergyanditcarriesbackagreatdealofsand.Becauseoftherealriskoflosingbeaches,manygeologistssupportabanonalltypesofstabilizingconstructiononshorelines.

6.Thebirdsyouseehereinthisslideareperegrinefalcons（隼）.Thesebirdsrepresentasuccessstoryamonganimalsontheendangeredspecieslist.Inthe1970s,theperegrinefalconsalmostdisappearedasaresultofthecontamination（污染）ofthefoodchainbytheDDTinpesticide（杀虫剂）.Thepresenceofthepoisonintheirsystemsresultedineggstooweaktosupporttheincubatingchicks（孵化小鸡）.TheirremarkablerecoveryisaresultofthebanofDDTasapesticide,aggressivecaptivefeedingprograms（积极的人工喂养）andtheirownresiliency（恢复力）.Theperegrinefalconisoneofthefastestbirdsalive.They’vebeenclockedat140to200milesperhourinsuccessfulpursuitofpray.Inadditiontospeed,thesebirdsflydirectlyintoheadwindsandtheyarecapableofflyingmorethan600milesperdaywithfavorabletailwinds（顺风）.Todaywiththesophisticationoftelemetry（遥测技术）,thespeedsofthesebirdscanbetrackedbyorbitingsatellites（卫星）,bymeansoftransmitters（信号传送器）attachedtothebird.Forexample,peregrinefalconsstageinwarmerclimate,inotherwords,theyspendtimeinthesouthernUnitedStatesawaitinghormonalchangespreparingthemtobreedintheArctic.ThentheymigratenorthtothemuchcolderArcticregions.BirdshavebeentrackedfromTexasinlateApriltotheirnestinggroundinAlaska,CanadaandGreenland.Nowlet’smoveontoanotherspeciesofbirds,thebaldeagles（秃鹰）.

7.Ok,soinourlastclasswewerediscussingbigbandsswingmusic（大乐团摇摆音乐）,yourememberthiswasakindofdancemusicwithasteadyrhythm.Buttodaywedealwiththatsortofmusicplayedbysmallerjazzbands.It’scalledbebop.Nowbebopmakesuseallsortsofnewtypesofrhythms,someofthemveryirregular.We’lltalkmoreaboutthatlater.ButfirstIwanttotalkaboutsomeofthesocialelementsthatIbelievecontributedtothedevelopmentofbebopmusic.Todothis,wehavetolookatwhenbeboparoseandstartedbecomingsopopular,whichwasfromthelate1930sthroughthe1940s,fromthetimeofthegreatdepressionrightintothe2ndWorldWar.NowonefactorthatcertainlyhelpedcreatetheenvironmentforbebopmusicwasthedeclineoftheUnitedStateseconomy.Duringthegreatdepression,theeconomysufferedtremendously.Andfewerpeoplehadmoneytospendonentertainment.Thenduringthe2ndWorldWarthegovernmentimposedanewtaxonpublicentertainment,whatyoumightcallperformancetax.Thegovernmentcollectedmoneyonperformancesthatincludedanytypesofacting,dancingor