GMAT新题30篇及答案.docx

GMAT新题30篇及答案.docx

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GMAT新题30篇及答案

GMAT新题30篇

Passage1（1/63）

（Thispassagewaswrittenin1978.）

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities—aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioning分配partsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletup减缓anticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinon靠...赚钱,乘机利用theincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns商号.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamup（teamup:

v.（使）结成一队,合作,协作）toacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts（aperson,group,orthingusedtomasktheidentityortruecharacteroractivityoftheactualcontrollingagent）”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming—andremaining—dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:

whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,恩人,捐助者,赠送者,赞助人theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.

1.bTheprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

（A）presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies

（B）describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks

（C）proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem

（D）analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement（B）

（E）exploretheimplicationsofafinding

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

（A）Whatfederalagencieshavesetpercentagegoalsfortheuseofminority-ownedbusinessesinpublicworkscontracts?

（B）Towhichgovernmentagenciesmustbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsreporttheireffortstofindminoritysubcontractors?

（C）Howwidespreadistheuseofminority-ownedconcernsas“fronts”byWhitebackersseekingtoobtainsubcontracts?

（D）Howmanymoreminority-ownedbusinessesweretherein1977thanin1972?

d（E）

（E）Whatisonesetofconditionsunderwhichasmallbusinessmightfinditselffinanciallyoverextended?

3.cAccordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolabor（tosufferfromsomedisadvantageordistress“laborunderadelusion”）isthattheyhave

（A）beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomy

（B）beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors

（C）nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations

（D）notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersofpotentialcustomers（C）

（E）nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpower

4.aThepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto

（A）experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm

（B）facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses

（C）havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment

（D）increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors（A）

（E）reviseitsprocedureformakingbidsforfederalcontractsandsubcontracts

5.cTheauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould

（A）avoidcompetitionwithlarger,moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding

（B）concentrateonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation

（C）trytoexpanditscustomerbasetoavoidbecomingdependentonthecorporation

（D）passonsomeoftheworktobedoneforthecorporationtootherminority-ownedconcerns（C）

（E）useitsinfluencewiththecorporationtopromotesubcontractingwithotherminorityconcerns

6.bItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”（lines14-15）are

（A）morepopularwithlargecorporations

（B）morespecific

（C）lesscontroversial

（D）lessexpensivetoenforce（B）

（E）easiertocomplywith

7.bWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements（lines18-19）wassubstantial

（A）Corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessestotaled$2billionin1979.

（B）Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.

（C）Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.

（D）Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.（E）

（E）The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.

8.cTheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?

（A）Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.

（B）Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970’s,theiraversion反感togovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.

（C）Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970’sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980’s.

（D）Althoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970’smadesubstantialresponseimpossible.（C）

（E）Theenormouscorporateresponsehasallbut几乎eliminatedthedangersofover-expansionthatusedtoplaguesmallminority-ownedbusinesses.

Passage2（2/63）

WoodrowWilsonwasreferringtotheliberalideaoftheeconomicmarketwhenhesaidthatthefreeenterprisesystemisthemostefficienteconomicsystem.Maximumfreedommeansmaximumproductiveness;our“openness”istobethemeasureofourstability.FascinationwiththisidealhasmadeAmericansdefythe“OldWorld”categoriesofsettledpossessivenessversusunsettlingdeprivation,thecupidityofretentionversusthecupidityofseizure,a“statusquo”defendedorattacked.TheUnitedStates,itwasbelieved,hadnostatusquoante.Ouronly“station”wastheturningofastationarywheel,spinningfasterandfaster.Wedidnotbaseoursystemonpropertybutopportunity—whichmeantwebaseditnotonstabilitybutonmobility.Themorethingschanged,thatis,themorerapidlythewheelturned,thesteadierwewouldbe.TheconventionalpictureofclasspoliticsiscomposedoftheHaves,whowantastabilitytokeepwhattheyhave,andtheHave-Nots,whowantatouchof（atouchof:

有一点）instabilityandchangeinwhichtoscramblefor（scramblefor:

v.争夺,勉强拼凑）thethingstheyhavenot.ButAmericansimaginedaconditioninwhichspeculators,self-makers,runnersarealwaysusingthenewopportunitiesgivenbyourland.Theseeconomicleaders（front-runners）wouldthusbemainlyagentsofchange.Thenonstarterswereconsideredtheoneswhowantedstability,astrongrefereetogivethemsomepositionintherace,aregulativehandtocalmmanicspeculation;anauthoritythatcancallthingstoahalt,beginthingsagainfromcompensatorilystaggered“startinglines.”

“Reform”inAmericahasbeensterilebecauseitcanimaginenochangeexceptthroughtheextensionofthismetaphorofarace,widerinclusionofcompetitors,“apieceoftheaction,”asitwere,forthedisenfranchised.Thereisnoattempttocallofftherace.Sinceouronlystabilityischange,Americaseemsnottohonorthequietworkthatachievessocialinterdependenceandstability.Thereis,inourlegends,noheroi