掘进机中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

掘进机中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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掘进机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

英文：

Roadheaderapplicationsinminingandtunnelingindustries

ABSTRACT

Roadheadersofferauniquecapabilityandflexibilityfortheexcavationofsofttomediumstrengthrockformations,therefore,arewidelyusedinundergroundminingandtunnelingoperations.Acriticalissueinsuccessfulroadheaderapplicationistheabilitytodevelopaccurateandreliableestimatesofmachineproductioncapacityandtheassociatedbitcosts.ThispaperpresentsanddiscussestherecentworkcompletedattheEarthMechanicsInstituteofColoradoSchoolofMinesontheuseofhistoricaldataforuseasaperformancepredictormodel.Themodelisbasedonextensivefielddatacollectedfromdifferentroadheaderoperationsinawidevarietyofgeologicformations.Thepaperalsodiscussesthedevelopmentofthisdatabaseandtheresultantempiricalperformancepredictionequationsderivedtoestimateroadheadercuttingratesandbitconsumption.

INTRODUCTION

Themorewidespreaduseofthemechanicalexcavationsystemsisatrendsetbyincreasingpressureontheminingandcivilconstructionindustriestomoveawayfromtheconventionaldrillandblastmethodstoimproveproductivityandreducecosts.Theadditionalbenefitsofmechanicalminingincludesignificantlyimprovedsafety,reducedgroundsupportrequirementsandfewerpersonnel.Theseadvantagescoupledwithrecentenhancementsinmachineperformanceandreliabilityhaveresultedinmechanicalminerstakingalargershareoftherockexcavationmarket.

Roadheadersarethemostwidelyusedundergroundpartial-faceexcavationmachinesforsofttomediumstrengthrocks,particularlyforsedimentaryrocks.Theyareusedforbothdevelopmentandproductioninsoftrockminingindustry（i.e.mainhaulagedrifts,roadways,cross-cuts,etc.）particularlyincoal,industrialmineralsandevaporiticrocks.Incivilconstruction,theyfindextensiveuseforexcavationoftunnels（railway,roadway,sewer,diversiontunnels,etc.）insoftgroundconditions,aswellasforenlargementandrehabilitationofvariousundergroundstructures.Theirabilitytoexcavatealmostanyprofileopeningalsomakesthemveryattractivetothoseminingandcivilconstructionprojectswherevariousopeningsizesandprofilesneedtobeconstructed.

Inadditiontotheirhighmobilityandversatility,roadheadersaregenerallylowcapitalcostsystemscomparedtothemostothermechanicalexcavators.Becauseofhighercuttingpowerdensityduetoasmallercuttingdrum,theyofferthecapabilitytoexcavaterocksharderandmoreabrasivethantheircounterparts,suchasthecontinuousminersandtheborers.

ROADHEADERSINLAST50YEARS

Roadheaderswerefirstdevelopedformechanicalexcavationofcoalintheearly50s.Today,theirapplicationareashaveexpandedbeyondcoalminingasaresultofcontinualperformanceincreasesbroughtaboutbynewtechnologicaldevelopmentsanddesignimprovements.Themajorimprovementsachievedinthelast50yearsconsistofsteadilyincreasedmachineweight,sizeandcutterheadpower,improveddesignofboom,muckpickupandloadingsystem,moreefficientcutterheaddesign,metallurgicaldevelopmentsincuttingbits,advancesinhydraulicandelectricalsystems,andmorewidespreaduseofautomationandremotecontrolfeatures.Allthesehaveledtodrasticenhancementsinmachinecuttingcapabilities,systemavailabilityandtheservicelife.

Machineweightshavereachedupto120tonsprovidingmorestableandstiffer（lessvibration,lessmaintenance）platformsfromwhichhigherthrustforcescanbegeneratedforattackingharderrockformations..Thecutterheadpowerhasincreasedsignificantly,approaching500kWtoallowforhighertorquecapacities.Modernmachineshavetheabilitytocutcross-sectionsover100m2fromastationarypoint.Computeraidedcutterheadlacingdesignhasdevelopedtoastagetoenablethedesignofoptimalbitlayouttoachievethemaximumefficiencyintherockandgeologicconditionstobeencountered.Thecuttingbitshaveevolvedfromsimplechiseltorobustconicalbits.Themuckcollectionandtransportsystemshavealsoundergonemajorimprovements,increasingattainableproductionrates.Theloadingaproncannowbemanufacturedasanextendiblepieceprovidingformoremobilityandflexibility.Themachinescanbeequippedwithrockboltingandautomaticdustsuppressionequipmenttoenhancethesafetyofpersonnelworkingattheheading.Theycanalsobefittedwithlaser-guidedalignmentcontrolsystems,computerprofilecontrollingandremotecontrolsystemsallowingforreducedoperatorsensitivitycoupledwithincreasedefficiencyandproductivity.Figure-1showsapictureofamoderntransversetyperoadheaderwithtelescopicboomandboltingsystem.

Mobility,flexibilityandtheselectiveminingcapabilityconstitutesomeofthemostimportantapplicationadvantagesofroadheadersleadingtocosteffectiveoperations.Mobilitymeanseasyrelocationfromonefacetoanothertomeetthedailydevelopmentandproductionrequirementsofamine.Flexibilityallowsforquickchangesinoperationalconditionssuchas

Figure-1:

ATransverseCutterheadRoadheader（CourtesyofVoestAlpine）

differentopeningprofiles（horse-shoe,rectangular,etc.）,cross-sectionalsizes,gradients（upto20,sometimes30degrees）,andtheturningradius（canmakeanalmost90degreeturn）.Selectivityreferstotheabilitytoexcavatedifferentpartsofamixedfacewheretheorecanbeminedseparatelytoreducedilutionandtominimizewastehandling,bothcontributingtoimprovedproductivity.Sinceroadheadersarepartial-facemachines,thefaceisaccessible,andtherefore,cutterscanbeinspectedandchangedeasily,andtheroofsupportcanbeinstalledveryclosetotheface.Inadditiontothese,highproductionratesinfavorablegroundconditions,improvedsafety,reducedgroundsupportandventilationrequirements,allresultinginreducedexcavationcostsaretheotherimportantadvantagesofroadheaders.

Thehardrockcuttingabilityofroadheadersisthemostimportantlimitingfactoraffectingtheirapplications.Thisismostlyduetothehighwearexperiencedbydragbitsinhard,abrasiverocks.Thepresentday,heavy-dutyroadheaderscaneconomicallycutmostrockformationsupto100MPa（~14,500psi）uniaxialcompressivestrength（UCS）androcksupto160MPa（~23,000psi）UCSiffavorablejointingorbeddingispresentwithlowRQDnumbers.Increasingfrequencyofjointsorotherrockweaknessesmaketherockexcavationeasierasthemachinesimplypullsorripsouttheblocksinsteadofcuttingthem.Iftherockisveryabrasive,orthepickconsumptionrateismorethan1-pick/m3,thenroadheaderexcavationusuallybecomesuneconomicalduetofrequentbitchangescoupledwithincreasedmachinevibrationsandmaintenancecosts.

Asignificantamountofefforthasbeenplacedovertheyearsonincreasingtheabilityofroadheaderstocuthardrock.Mostoftheseeffortshavefocusedonstructuralchangesinthemachines,suchasincreasedweight,stifferframesandmorecutterheadpower.Extensivefieldtrialsofthesemachinesshowedthatthecuttingtoolisstilltheweakestpointinhardrockexcavation.Unlessadrasticimprovementisachievedinbitlife,thetruehardrockcuttingisstillbeyondtherealmofpossibilitywithroadheaders.TheEarthMechanicsInstitute（EMI）oftheColoradoSchoolofMineshasbeendevelopinganewcuttertechnology,theMini-DiscCutter,toimplementthehardrockcuttingabilityofdisccuttersonroadheaders,aswellasothertypesofmechanicalexcavators（Ozdemiretal,1995）.Thefull-scalelaboratorytestswithastandardtransversecutterheadshowedthatMiniDiscCutterscouldincreasetheabilityoftheroadheadersforhardrockexcavationwhileprovidingforlessercutterchangeandmaintenancestoppages.Thisnewcuttingtechnologyholdsgreatpromiseforapplicationonroadheaderstoextendtheircapabilityintoeconomicalexcavationofhardrocks.Inaddition,usingthemini-disccutters,adrumminerconcepthasbeendevelopedbyEMIforapplicationtohardrockminedevelopment.Apictureofthedrumminerduringfull-scalelaboratorytestingisshowninFigure-2.

Figure-2:

DrumMinerCutterhead

FIELDPERFORMANCEDATABASE

Performancepredictionisanimportantfactorforsuccessfulroadheaderapplication.Thisdealsgenerallywithmachineselection,productionrateandbitcostestimation.Successfulapplicationofroadheadertechnologytoanyminingoperationdictatesthataccurateandreliableestimatesaredevelopedforattainableproductionratesandtheaccompanyingbitcosts.Inaddition,itisofcrucialimportancethatthebitdesignandcutterheadlayoutisoptimizedfortherockconditionstobeencounteredduringexcavation.

Performancepredictionencompassestheassessmentofinstantaneouscuttingrates,bitconsumptionratesandmachineutilizationfordifferentgeologicalunits.Theinstantaneouscuttingrate（ICR）istheproductionrateduringactualcuttingtime,（tonsorm3/cuttinghour）.Pickconsumptionratereferstothenumberofpickschangedperunitvolumeorweightofrockexcavated,（picks/m3orton）.Machineutilizationisthepercentageoftimeusedforexcavationduringtheproject

Table-I:

ClassificationoftheInformationintheDatabase

INFORMATIONGROUP

DETAILS

GeneralInformation

Type/purposeofexcavation（roadway,railway,sewer,mininggallery,etc.）,contractor,owner,consultant,location,startingandcompletiondate,etc.

RoadheaderInformation

Manufacturer,conditionoftheroadheader（new,refurbished,directreuse）,specificationsofroadheader,machineweight,cutterheadpoweranddiameter,bitnumberandtype,ancillar