Unit 3Lecture Notes Key to the Exsfor students.docx

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Unit 3Lecture Notes Key to the Exsfor students.docx

Unit3LectureNotesKeytotheExsforstudents

Unit3LectureNotes(forstudents)

Words&Expressions

onthelatch:

(ofadoor)closedbutnotlocked

-Letyourselfin;thedoorisonthelatch.

-Don’tforgettoleavethefrontdooronthelatchifyougotobedbeforeIcomeback.

rural:

adj.of,inorsuggestingthecountryside

-Bytheyear2003urbanresidentswilloutnumberruralresidentsinmostdevelopingcountries.

-庄稼种在乡村地区。

(=Cropsaregrowninruralareas.)

vulnerable:

adj.exposedtodangerorattack;unprotected

-ComparedwithSaudiArabiansoccerteam,theChineseteamismorevulnerable.

-你的论点相当容易受到批评。

(=Yourargumentsarerathervulnerabletocriticism.)

-Howdoesthecountrydefendvulnerablegroupsinsociety?

urban:

adj.of,situatedinorlivinginacityortown

-Motorvehicleemissions,toalargeextent,areresponsibleforurbanairpollution.

-Mosturbanareasintheworldarefacingtheproblemofover-population.

Collocation:

urbandistricts市区

theurbanpopulation城市人口

urbanareas市区

CF:

urban&municipal

这两个形容词都有“都市的、城市的”之意。

urban指以都市中心为主的行政区。

例如:

-Nowadays,asthepopulationandvehiclesincrease,urbandistrictsseemtobemorecrowded.

(=如今,随着人口增长和交通工具增多,市区似乎变得更拥挤了。

-Ourgovernmenthasalwayspaidmuchattentiontothelifeoftheurbanpoor.

(=我们的政府历来都重视城市贫民的生活。

municipal主要指与城市、市镇或其政府相关的部门、服务机构,尤指市政府机构管辖下属于公共的、为公众服务的设施、事业等。

例如:

-Citiesusuallyusetaxesforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.

(=城市通常将税收用于教育、公安和消防部门、公共设施和市政建设。

statistics:

n.collectionofinformationexpressedinnumbers

-Thestatisticsindicatethatroughlyevery22yearsamajordroughtoccursintheUnitedStates.

-统计数字显示退休之后女性比男性生活愉快。

(=Statisticsshowthatwomenlivehappierlivesthanmenafterretirement.)

tranquil:

adj.calm,quietandundisturbed

-Visitorsliketostayinthishotelbecauseitisbeautifulandlocatedinatranquillakearea.

-家中的温馨气氛是非常重要的。

尽你所能去创造一个宁静和谐的家。

(=Alovingatmosphereinyourhomeissoimportant.Doallyoucantocreateatranquilandharmonioushome.)

-Anotheradvantageofcountrylifeisthatitismoretranquil.

CF:

tranquil&calm

这两个形容词都有“安静的、平静的”之意。

tranquil指安宁的、平静的。

例如:

-Wefoundatranquilspotonthebankofarivertohavearest.

(=我们在河岸上找到一块宁静的地方休息了一下。

-Shehasatranquillifeinthecountry,inanout-of-waylittlevillage.

(=她在乡间一个偏僻的小村子里过着宁静的生活。

calm表示平静的、镇静的,指一种毫无迷惑与兴奋的宁静状态。

例如:

-Hewentstraightintohisroom,hisfacequitecalm.

(=他径直走进自己的房间,脸色十分平静。

-Sheremainedcalmonthefaceofimminentdisaster.

(=灾难临头而她镇静自若。

era:

n.aperiodofhistoryoralongperiodoftime

-TheChristianerastartswiththebirthofChrist.

-Oureraproducesahostofheroesandheroines.

-我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代。

(=Wearenowinagreatneweraofinformation.)

electronic:

n.oforrelatingtoelectronicsordevicesandsystemsdevelopedthroughelectronics

-UseoftheInternetisreplacingotherformsofelectroniccommunication.

-一般说来,直到现在,这样的机器人还是由大型电子计算机控制的。

(=Ingeneral,suchrobotshavebeencontrolleduptothepresenttimebylargeelectroniccomputers.)

hookupto:

connectorattach(sth.)to(sth.else)withorasifwithahook

-Ihookuptotheinternetalmosteveryday.

-MycomputerishookeduptotheInternet,soIcancommunicatewithmystudentsathomeviaemail.

-Thealarmsystemsinthebanksarehookeduptothelocalpolicestation.

buildin/into:

make(sth.)aspartofthestructure

-Thecupboardsinthekitchenareallbuiltin.

-Wearehavingthoseshelvesbuiltintothewalloverthebed.

pry:

1.vt.forcesth.openorawayfromasurface

-你能不能帮我不打破这个木箱盖而撬开它?

(=Canyouhelpmeprythecoveroffthiswoodenboxwithoutbreakingit?

-Hercartrunkhadbeenpriedopenandallherequipmentwasgone.

2.vi.lookorinquirecloselyandcuriously

-Don’tpryintotheaffairsofothers.

Collocation:

pryabout到处窥探

pryinto窥探,打听

paste:

vt.sticksth.withglue

-Anoticehasbeenpastedtothedoor.

-这个年轻人将他最喜欢的歌手的照片贴在墙上。

(=Theyoungmanpastedthepicturesofhisfavoritesingeronthewall.)

premise:

n.

1)(pl.)allthebuildingsandlandthataninstitutionoccupiesononesite

-Ishowedhimoffthepremises.

-Thereisakitchenonthepremises.

-警察认为小偷仍在屋内。

(=Thepolicethinkthethiefisstillonthepremises.)

2)sth.thatyouacceptastrueanduseasabasisforanotherideaorwayofthinking(usu.followedbythat-clause)

-Itwasthelawyer’spremisethathisclientwasinnocent.

-I’mratherquestioningwhetherthewholepremiseiscorrect.

Collocation:

anassumedpremise假设

anunsoundpremise站不住脚的假设

feature:

1.vt.giveaprominentpartto(sb./sth.)

-报纸为那个事件做了个专题报道。

(=Thenewspaperfeaturedthestoryoftheevent.)

-Theplayfeaturedtwowell-knownactors.

2.n.aprominentordistinctiveaspect,quality,orcharacteristic

-Thebuildingcontainedmanynewfeaturesofconstruction.

Collocation:

auniquefeature独一无二的特征

akeyfeature主要特征

anotablefeature显著特征

makeafeatureof以…为特色;注重

chart:

n.adiagram,picture,orgraphwhichisintendedtomakeinformationeasiertounderstand

-Thechartshowedthedeclineinthecompany’ssalesduringtheyear.

-TheweatherchartshowswhererainfelloverChinayesterday.

Collocation:

compileachart编制图表

consultachart查看图表

aflowchart流程图

astatisticalchart统计图表

barrier:

n.thingthatpreventsprogressormovement

-Thefootballfansbrokethroughthebarriersandrushedontothepitch.

-TheEnglishChannelwasabarrieragainstNazigroundforces.

-警察设了路障。

(=Thepoliceputabarrieracrosstheroad.)

Collocation:

tradebarrier贸易壁垒

culturalbarrier文化隔膜

languagebarrier语言障碍

geographicalbarrier地理阻隔

barricade:

1.n.abarrieroflargeobjects,intendedtostopanenemy

-Barbed-wirebarricadesblockedoffallthemainstreets.

-Protestershavebeenputtingupbarricadesacrossanumberofmajorstreets.

Collocation:

place/erect/setup/putupbarricades设置路障

remove/demolish/teardownbarricades拆除路障

2.vt.blockwithabarricade

-WorkersinSpainbarricadedroadsandclashedwithpolice.

Pattern:

barricadeoneselfagainst;barricadeoneselfinto

-barricadeoneselfagainstoutsidemoraldecay

(=把自己同外界的道德沦丧隔绝)

-barricadeoneselfintoone’sroom

(=把自己关在房间里)

-Thefamiliesinthisremotevillagehavepracticallybarricadedthemselvesintotheirhomes.

hold/keep(sb.)atbay:

prevent(anenemy,pursuers,etc.)fromcomingnear

-Eatingorangeskeepscoldsatbay.

-Sheleftthelightonatnighttokeepherfearsatbay.

sideways:

adj./adv.to,towardsorfromtheside

-Alfredshothimasidewaysglance.

-Ifyouwouldmovesidewaystotheleft,Icangeteveryoneonthepicture.

-我们把桌子斜向一边以便把它搬进房间里。

(=Weturnedthetablesidewaystogetitintotheroom.)

standfor:

represent;mean

-WhatdoesNBstandfor?

-Thesymbol“%”standsforpercent.

-约翰一直支持正确的事情。

(=Johnalwaysstandsforwhatisright.)

analyze:

vt.examinesth.indetailinordertounderstandit,esp.byconsideringseparatelyalltheelementsitconsistsof

-Theteachertriedtoanalyzethecauseofourfailure.

-科学家分析了一下牛奶,发现里面水分过多。

(=Thescientistanalyzedthemilkandfounditcontainedtoomuchwater.)

margin:

n.anamountbywhichathingiswonorfallsshort

-GovernorBushwontheelectionbutbyasmallmargin.

-Demandforcollegeeducationexceedscapacitybyalargemargin.

-Withtheimprovementoftheirlivingconditions,people’sdemandforair-conditioninghasincreasedbyalargemargin.

Collocation:

with/byasmall/largemargin以微弱/较大的多数;幅度较小/大地

error:

n.mistake

-Hernamewasomittedbyerror.

-这次事故是由人为过错造成的。

(=Theaccidentwascausedbyhumanerror.)

Collocation:

admit/acknowledgeanerror承认错误

amend/correct/rectifyanerror纠正错误

commit/makeanerror犯错误

CF:

error,mistake&fault

这三个词都有“错误、缺点”之意。

error通常指由于疏误而导致的行动上的错误或偏差,在实际运用中多指由于背离某种标准的偏差。

例如:

-Thisisanerroringrammar.

(=这是一个语法错误。

mistake多用于指缺乏正确的判断、理解、计算等而造成的错误,这种在行动或看法上的错误有时是无意的。

例如:

-Theteacherfoundseveralspellingmistakesinthepupil’swrittenanswers.

(=老师在学生的书面作业中发现了几处拼写错误。

fault可表示人或物的缺点和毛病。

用于人的过错时,多用于小且能宽恕的错误,含有当事人对造成的过错应负责任的意味。

例如:

-Withallhisfaults,heisstillagoodstudent.

(=尽管他有这些缺点,他还是个好学生。

civilize:

vt.causetoimprovefromaprimitivestageofhumansocietytoamoredevelopedone

-TheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterhasshockedthecivilizedworld.

-ItmustbeadmittedthattheRomanshelpedtocivilizemanyEuropeansatthattime.

-非洲国家希望把非洲所有的原始部落都变成文明社会。

(=TheAfricancountrieshopedtocivilizealltheprimitivetribesontheland.)

reflection:

n.

1)athingbringingdiscreditorcriticism(followedbyon)

-Thefactthatweallfailedthetestwasareflectiononourteacher.

-这有损你的名誉。

(=Thisisareflectiononyourhonor.)

2)reflecting(carefulthinking)orbeingreflected

-Onfurtherreflection,shesawhermistake.

-他沉思片刻后做出了否定的回答。

(=Afteraminute’sreflection,hegaveanegativeanswer.)

Collocation:

castareflectionon使人们对…产生鄙视(或怀疑)

cast/throwreflectionson指责(某人)

on/uponreflection经再三思考

withoutreflection轻率,不经思考

lookbackon:

thinkabout(sth.)inone’spast

-Ialwayslookbackonthosedaysasthehappiesttimeofmylife.

-当你回顾你的一生时,你最珍惜的是什么时候?

(=Whenyoulookbackonyourlife,whatmomentswouldyoucherishthemost?

UsefulExpressions

(门)关着但没上锁onthelatch

带钥匙carrykeys

(暂时)关闭closeup

巡逻严密的城区街道well-patrolledurbanstreets

据称很宁静的地区theallegedlytranquilareas

…的时代结束了theeraof…isover

电子报警系统electronicalarmsystems

连接到hookupto

内置,嵌入buildin

处于监控下undersurveillance

设置路障putupbar

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