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新四级阅读讲义doc
新四级阅读讲义
张磊
前言:
新大纲对四级阅读的要求
教育部高教司最新制订并颁布的大学英语教学大纲，对大学英语教学提出了更高的要求，对高等学校非英语专业本科生的英语能力的要求做了全面的调整，因此，作为检验教学质量的四、六级考试也将相应地有所调整。
1.大学英语的教学目标
新大纲指出“大学英语的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养，以适应我国经济发展和国际交流的需要。
”
2.大学英语教学的要求
考虑到我国幅员辽阔，各地区以及各高校情况差异较大，大学阶段的英语教学要求分为三个层次，即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。
这三个不同层次的要求是我国所有高等院校非英语专业本科生经过大学阶段的英语学习与实践应当选择达到的英语水平标准，其中一般要求是每个大学毕业生必须达到的目标。
3.一般要求（四级）
1.听力理解能力：
能听懂英语授课；能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材讲座；能基本听懂英语国家慢速英语节目，语速为每分钟130个词左右，能掌握其中心大意，抓住要点；能运用基本的听力技巧帮助理解。
2.口语表达能力：
能在学习过程中用英语交流，并能就某一主题进行讨论；能就日常话题和英语国家的人士进行交谈；能就所熟悉的话题经准备后作简短发言，表达比较清楚，语音、语调基本正确；能在交谈中使用基本的会话策略。
3.阅读理解能力：
能够基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章，阅读速度达到每分钟70个词，在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时，阅读速度达到每分钟100个词，能基本读懂国内英文报刊，掌握中心意思，理解主要事实和有关细节；能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体的材料；能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。
4.书面表达能力：
能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务；能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等；能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120个词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语篇连贯；能掌握基本的写作技能。
5.翻译能力：
能借助词典对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译，英汉译速为每小时300个英语单词，汉英译速为每小时250个汉字，译文基本流畅，能在翻译时使用适当的翻译技巧。
6.推荐词汇量：
掌握的总词汇量应达到4,500个单词和700个词组（含中学应掌握的词汇），其中2,000个单词为积极词汇，即要求学生能够在认知的基础上学会熟练运用，包括在口头和书面表达两个方面。
4.阅读理解考试要求
1）题型：
阅读（快速阅读、选词填空、仔细阅读）
阅读理解
测试内容
测试题型
分值比例
新四级
仔细阅读
多项选择
25%
选词填空
快速阅读
是非判断+句子填空
10%
老四级
仔细阅读
多项选择
40%
由上表，我们可以看出，新四级在测试阅读能力方面手段丰富，主要表现在题型的多样化，这就对考生的阅读能力提出了更高的要求。
2）要求
阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力：
1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2、了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；
3、既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；
4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定速度。
改革之后，仔细阅读（ReadinginDepth）的文章减少至2篇，增加了选词填空和快速阅读。
选词填空考察方式为：
从一篇220字左右的文章中，留出10个单词的空格，从给出的15个备选单词中选出10个填入文章相应处，使文章意思通顺，表达正确。
这部分主要考察考生对词汇的认知和语法的理解。
另外，快速阅读要求在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题，前7个是判断正误，后3个是填空题（答案基本都是原文中出现的原词），由此不难看出，“快速+准确”是今后四级阅读部分考察的重点。
在备考过程中，考生务必要有意识的训练自己Skimming&Scanning的能力。
一、仔细阅读Readingindepth
1.词汇题
Passage1
Tasteissuchasubjectivematterthatwedon’tusuallyconductpreferencetestsforfood.Themostyoucansayaboutanyone’spreferenceisthatit’soneperson’sopinion.Butbecausethetwobigcola（可乐饮料）companies—CocaColaandPepsiColaaremarketedsoaggressively,we’vewonderedhowbigaroletastepreferenceactuallyplaysinbrandloyalty.WesetupatastetestthatchallengedpeoplewhoidentifiedthemselvesaseitherCoca-ColaorPepsifans:
Findyourbrandinablindtasting.
WeinvitedstaffvolunteerswhohasastronglikingforeitherCoca-ColaClassic（传统型）orPepsi,Diet（低糖的）Coke,orDietPepsi.Thesewerepeoplewhothoughtthey’dhavenotroubletellingtheirbrandfromtheotherbrand.
Weeventuallylocated19regularcoladrinkersand27dietcoladrinkers.Thenwefedthemfourunidentifiedsamplesofcolaoneatatime,regularcolasfortheonegroup,dietversionsfortheothers.WeaskedthemtotellaswhethereachsamplewasCokeorPepsi;thenweanalyzedtherecordsstatisticallytocomparetheparticipants’choiceswithwhatmereguess-workcouldhaveaccomplished.
Gettingallfoursamplesrightwasatoughtest,butnottootough,wethought,forpeoplewhobelievedtheycouldrecognizetheirbrand.Intheend,only7outof19regularcoladrinkerscorrectlyidentifiedtheirbrandofchoiceinallfourtrials.Thedietcoladrinkersdidalittleworseonly7of27identifiedallfoursamplescorrectly.
Whilebothgroupsdidbetterthanchancewouldpredict,nearlyhalftheparticipantsineachgroupmadethewrongchoicetwoormoretimes.Twopeoplegotallfoursampleswrong.Overall,halftheparticipantsdidaboutaswellonthelastroundoftastingasonthefirst,sofatigue,ortasteburnout,wasnotafactor.OurpreferencetestresultssuggestthatonlyafewPepsiparticipantsandCokefansmayreallybeabletotelltheirfavoritebrandbytasteandprice.
56.Accordingtothepassagethepreferencetestwasconductedinorderto_____.
A）findouttheroletastepreferenceplaysinaperson’sdrinking
B）revealwhichcolaismoretothelikingofthedrinkers
C）showthataperson’sopinionabouttasteismereguess-work
D）comparetheabilityoftheparticipantsinchoosingtheirdrinks
57.Thestatisticsrecordedinthepreferencetestsshow______.
A）Coca-ColaandPepsiarepeople’stwomostfavoritedrinks
B）thereisnotmuchdifferenceintastebetweenCoca-ColaandPepsi
C）fewpeoplehadtroubletellingCola-ColaandPepsi
D）people’stastesdifferfromoneanother
58.Itisimpliedinthefirstparagraphthat_____.
A）thepurposeoftastetestsistopromotethesaleofcolas
B）theimprovementofqualityisthechiefconcernofthetwocolacompanies
C）thecompetitionbetweenthetwocolasisverystrong
D）blindtastingisnecessaryforidentifyingfans
59.Theword“burnout”（Para.5）herereferstothestateof_____.
A）beingseriouslyburntintheskin
B）beingunabletoburnforlackoffuel
C）beingbadlydamagedbyfire
D）beingunabletofunctionbecauseofexcessiveuse
60.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageisto____.
A）showthattastepreferenceishighlysubjective
B）arguethattastetestingisanimportantmarketingstrategy
C）emphasizethattasteandpricearecloselyrelatedtoeachother
D）recommendthatblindtastingbeintroducedinthequalitycontrolofcolas
Passage2
Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.
Bisforbeingextremelybusy.
Cisfortheconscientious（勤勤恳恳的）wayyoudoyourjob.
Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolitics,asinofficepolitics.
DaleCarnegiesuggestedasmuchmorethan50yearsagohardworkalonedoesn’tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepolitics—abetterjob,araise,praise—manypeoplearestillunable—orunwilling—toplaythegame.
Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative（工于心计的）behavior,saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.Butpoliticsderivesfromtheword“polite”.Itcanmeanlobbyingandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn.
Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepoliticsasproperbehaviorusedtopursueone’sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeformofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironment—notjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.
Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirabilitytoperformwellonaconsistentbasis,saysNeilP.Lewis,amanagementpsychologist.Butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It’ssimplehumannature.
Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpoliticsintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepoliticswithflattery（奉承）,fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.
Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.
11.Officepolitics（Line2,Para.4）isusedinthepassagetoreferto________.
A）thecodeofbehaviorforcompanystaff.
B）thepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkers.
C）theinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompany.
D）thevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer.
12.Togetpromoted,onemustnotonlybecompetentbut_______.
A）givehisbossagoodimpression.
B）honestandloyaltohiscompany.
C）getalongwellwithhiscolleagues.
D）avoidbeingtoooutstanding.
13.Whyaremanypeopleunwillingto“playthegame”（Line4,Para.5）?
A）Theybelievethatdoingsoisimpractical.
B）Theyfeelthatsuchbehaviorisunprincipled.
C）Theyarenotgoodatmanipulatingcolleagues.
D）Theythinktheeffortwillgetthemnowhere.
14.Theauthorconsidersofficepoliticstobe________.
A）unwelcomeattheworkplace.
B）badforinterpersonalrelationships.
C）indispensabletothedevelopmentofcompanyculture.
D）animportantfactorforpersonaladvancement.
15.Itistheauthor’sviewthat__________.
A）speakingupforoneselfispartofhumannature.
B）self-promotiondoesnotnecessarilymeanflattery.
C）hardworkcontributesverylittletoone’spromotion.
D）manyemployeesfailtorecognizetheneedofflattery.
Passage3
Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploited（剥削）yearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomaniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobe（衣柜）packedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.
Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened；neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.
Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability（耐用）.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn’tatsometimeinhisl
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