考研英语一真题.docx

考研英语一真题.docx

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考研英语一真题

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语

（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominal

fatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople

9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.

16,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[A]pauses

2.[A]alternatively

[B]returns

[B]formally

[C]peaks

[C]accidentally

[D]fades

[D]generally

3.[A]while

[B]since

[C]once

[D]until

4.[A]detection

[B]accumulation

[C]consumption

[D]separation

5.[A]possibility

[B]decision

[C]goal

[D]requirement

6.[A]delay

[B]ensure

[C]seek

[D]utilize

7.[A]modified

[B]supported

[C]included

[D]predicted

8.[A]devoted

[B]compared

[C]converted

[D]applied

9.[A]with

[B]above

[C]by

[D]against

10.[A]lived

[B]managed

[C]scored

[D]played

11.[A]ranout

[B]setoff

[C]drewin

[D]wentby

12.[A]superior

[B]attributable

[C]parallel

[D]resistant

13.[A]restored

[B]isolated

[C]involved

[D]controlled

14.[A]alter

[B]spread

[C]remove

[D]explain

15.[A]compensations

[B]symptoms

[C]demands

[D]treatments

16.[A]Likewise

[B]Meanwhile

[C]Therefore

[D]Instead

17.[A]change

[B]watch

[C]count

[D]take

18.[A]well-being

[B]process

[C]formation

[D]coordination

19.[A]level

[B]love

[C]knowledge

[D]space

20.[A]design

[B]routine

[C]diet

[D]prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?

Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:

everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?

Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares.

[A]willeasetrainoperation’sburden

[B]haskeptpacewithinflation

[C]isabigsurprisetocommuters

[D]remainsanunreasonablemeasure

22.ThestockbrokerinPara.2isusedtostandfor.

[A]cardrivers

[B]railtraverllers

[C]localinvestors

[D]ordinarytaxpayers

23.ItisindicatedinPara.3thattrainoperators.

[A]areofferingcompensationstocommuters

[B]aretryingtorepairralationswiththeunions

[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequatesource

[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.

[A]thelossofinvestment

[B]thecollapseofoperations

[C]areductionofrevenue

[D]achangeofownership

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWorlk

[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?

[D]Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainable

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.

That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.

[A]facilitatehealthcarereform

[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems

[D]lowerdeforestationrates

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

[A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.

[A]itsa