耶鲁大学第一讲英语txt.docx

耶鲁大学第一讲英语txt.docx

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耶鲁大学第一讲英语txt

SothisisGameTheoryEconomics159.

Ifyou'rehereforarthistory,

you'reeitherinthewrongroomorstayanyway,

maybethisistherightroom;butthisisGameTheory,okay.

Youshouldhavefourhandouts;everyoneshouldhavefourhandouts.

Thereisalegalreleaseform--

we'lltalkaboutitinaminute--aboutthevideoing.

Thereisasyllabus,whichisapreliminary,it'salsoonline.

AndtherearetwogameslabeledGame1andGame2.

CanIgetyoualltolookatGame1andstartthinkingaboutit.

Andwhileyou'rethinkingaboutit,iamhopingyoucanmultitaskabit.

I'lldescribeabitabouttheclass

andwe'llgetabitofadminunderourbelts.

Butpleasetryandlookat--somebody'snotlookingatit,

becausethey'reusingitasafanhere--

SolookatGame1andfilloutthatformforme,okay?

Sowhileyou'refillingthatout,letmetellyoualittle

bitaboutwhatwe'regoingtobedoinghere.

SowhatisGameTheory?

GameTheoryisamethodofstudyingstrategicsituations.

Sowhat'sastrategicsituation?

Welllet'sstartoffwithwhat'snotastrategicsituation.

InyourEconomics-inyourIntroEconomicsclassin115or110,

yousawsomeprettygoodexamplesofsituationsthatwerenotstrategic.

Yousawfirmsworkinginperfectcompetition.

Firmsinperfectcompetitionarepricetakers:

theydon'tparticularlyhavetoworryabout

theactionsoftheircompetitors.

Youalsosawfirmsthatweremonopolists

andmonopolistsdon'thaveanycompetitorstoworryabout,

sothat'snotaparticularlystrategicsituation.

They'renotpricetakersbuttheytakethedemandcurve.

Isthislookingfamiliarforsomeofyouwhocanremember

doing115lastyearormaybetwoyearsagoforsomeofyou?

Everythinginbetweenisstrategic.

Soeverythingthatconstitutesimperfectcompetition

isastrategicsetting.

Thinkaboutthemotorindustry,themotorcarindustry.

FordhastoworryaboutwhatGMisdoingandwhatToyotaisdoing,

andforthemomentatleast

whatChryslerisdoingbutperhapsnotforlong.

Sothere'sasmallnumberoffirmsandtheiractionsaffecteachother.

Soforaliteraldefinitionofwhatstrategicmeans:

it'sasettingwheretheoutcomesthataffectyoudependonactions,

notjustonyourownactions,butonactionsofothers.

Allright,that'sasmuchasI'mgoingtosayforpreviewrightnow.

We'regoingtocomebackandseeplentyofthis

overthecourseofthenextsemester.

SowhatIwanttodoisgetontowherethisapplies.

ItobviouslyappliesinEconomics,butitalsoappliesinpolitics,

andinfact,thisclasswillcountasaPoliticalScienceclass

ifyou'reaPoliticalSciencemajor.

YoushouldgocheckwiththeDUSinPoliticalScience.Itcounts.

GameTheoryisveryimportantinlawthesedays.

Soforthoseofyou--forthehalfofyou

#NAME?

GameTheoryisalsousedinbiology

andtowardsthemiddleofthesemester

we'reactuallygoingtoseesomeexamplesof

GameTheoryasappliedtoevolution.

Andnotsurprisingly,GameTheoryappliestosport.

Solet'stalkaboutabitofadmin.

Howareyoudoingonfillingoutthosegames?

Everyonemanagingtomultitask.

FillinginGame1?

Keepwriting.

Iwanttogetsomeadminoutoftheway

andIwanttostartbygettingoutoftheway

whatisobviouslytheelephantintheroom.

Someofyouwillhavenoticedthatthere'sacameracrewhere,okay.

Soassomeofyouprobablyknow,

Yaleisundergoinganopeneducationproject

andthey'revideoingseveralclasses,

andtheideaofthis,

istomakeeducationalmaterialsavailablebeyondthewallsofYale.

Infact,ontheweb,internationally,

sopeopleinplaces,maybeplacesintheU.S.

orplacesmilesaway,maybeinTimbuktuorwhatever,

whofinditdifficulttogeteducationalmaterials

fromthelocaluniversityorwhatever,

canwatchcertainlecturesfromYaleontheweb.

Someofyouwouldhavebeeninclassesthatdothatbefore.

What'sgoingtodifferentaboutthisclassisthat

you'regoingtobeparticipatinginit.

Thewayweteachthisclassiswe'regoingtoplaygames,

we'regoingtohavediscussions,we'regoingtotalkamongtheclass,

andyou'regoingtobelearningfromeachother,

andIwantyoutohelppeoplewatchingathometobeabletolearntoo.

Andthatmeansyou'regoingtobeonfilm,attheveryleastonmike.

Sohow'sthatgoingtowork?

AroundtheroomarethreeT.A.Sholdingmikes.

Letmeshowyouwheretheyare:

onehere,onehere,andonehere.

WhenIaskforclassroomdiscussions,

I'mgoingtohaveoneoftheT.A.Sgotoyouwithamicrophone

muchlikein"Donahue"Orsomething.Okay.

Atcertaintimes,you'regoingtobeseenonfilm,

sothecameraisactuallygoingtocomearoundandpointinyourdirection.

NowIreallywantthistohappen.

Ihadtoargueforthistohappen,causeIreallyfeelthat

thisclassisn'taboutme.

I'mpartoftheclassobviously,

butit'saboutyouteachingeachotherandparticipating.

Butthere'sacatch,thecatchis,

thatthatmeansyouhavetosignthatlegalreleaseform.

Soyou'llseethatyouhaveinfrontofyoualegalreleaseform,

youhavetobeabletosignit,andwhatthatsaysisthat

wecanuseyoubeingshowninclass.

Thinkofthisasabadhairdayreleaseform.

Allright,youcan'tsueYalelaterifyouhadabadhairday.

ForthoseofyouwhoareontherunfromtheFBI,

yourVisahasrunout,oryou'resittingnexttoyourex-girlfriend,

nowwouldbeagoodtimetoputapaperbagoveryourhead.

Allright,nowjusttogetyouusedtotheidea,

ineveryclasswe'regoingtohaveIthinkthesametwopeople,

soJudeisthecameraman;whydon'tyouallwavetoJude.

ThisisJudeokay.AndWesisouraudioguy:

thisisWes.

AndIwilltryandremembernotto

includeJudeandWesintheclassroomdiscussions,

butyoushouldbeawarethatthey'rethere.

Now,ifthisismakingyounervous,

ifit'sanyconsolation,it'smakingmeverynervous.

So,allright,we'lltryandmakethisclass

workassmoothlyaswecan,allowingforthisextrathing.

Letmejustsay,noone'smakinganymoneyoffthis--

atleastI'mhopingtheseguysarebeingpaid--

butmeandtheT.A.Sarenotbeingpaid.

Theaimofthis,thatIthinkisagoodaim,it'saneducationalproject,

andI'mhopingyou'llhelpuswithit.

Theonedifferenceitisgoingtomean,isthat

attimesImightholdsomeofthediscussionsfortheclass,

comingdownintothispartoftheroom,here,

tomakeitalittleeasierforJude.

Allright,howarewedoingnowonfillingoutthoseforms?

Haseveryonefilledintheirstrategyforthefirstgame?

Notyet.Okay,let'sgoondoingabitmoreadmin.

Thethingyoumostlycareabouti'mguessing,isthegrades.

Allright,sohowisthegradegoingtoworkforthisclass?

30%oftheclasswillbeonproblemsets,

30%ofthegrade;30%onthemid-term,

and40%onthefinal;so30/30/40.

Themid-termwillbeheldinclassonOctober17;

thatisalsoinyoursyllabus.

Pleasedon'tanybodytellmelate-

anytimeaftertodayyoudidn'tknowwhenthemid-term

wasandthereforeitclasheswith17differentthings.

Themid-termisonOctober17,whichisaWednesday,inclass.

Allright,theproblemsets:

therewillberoughlytenproblemsets

andI'lltalkaboutthemmorelateronwhenIhandthemout.

ThefirstonewillgooutonMondaybutitwillbeduetendayslater.

Roughlyspeakingthey'llbeeveryweek.

Thegradedistribution:

allright,sothisistheroughgradedistribution.

Roughlyspeaking,asixthoftheclassaregoingtoendupwithA's,

asixtharegoingtoendupwithA-,

asixtharegoingtoendupwithB+,

asixtharegoingtoendupwithB,

asixtharegoingtoendupwithB-,

andtheremainingsixth,ifIaddedthatupright,

aregoingtoendupwithwhatIguesswe'renowcalling

thepresidentialgrade,isthatright?

That'snotliterallytrue.I'mgoingtosqueezeitabit,

I'mgoingtocurveitabit,

soactuallyslightlyfewerthanasixthwillgetstraightA's,

andfewerthanasixthwillgetC'sandbelow.

We'llsqueezethemiddletomakethembemoreB's.

OnethingIcanguaranteefrompastexperienceinthisclass,

isthatthemediangradewillbeaB+.

ThemedianwillfallsomewhereintheB+'s.

Justasforewarningforpeoplewhohaveforgottenwhatamedianis,

thatmeanshalfofyou--notapproximatelyhalf,

itmeansexactlyhalfofyou--

willbegettingsomethinglikeB+andbelow

andhalfwillgetsomethinglikeB+andabove.

Now,howareyoudoinginfillingintheforms?

Everyonefilledtheminyet?

Surelymustbeprettyclosetogettingeveryonefilledin.

Allright,solastthingstotalkabout

beforeIactuallycollectthemin-textbooks.

Therearetextbooksforthisclass.

Themaintextbookisthisone,Dutta'sbookStrategyandGames.

Ifyouwantaslightlytougherbook,morerigorousbook,

tryJoelWatson'sbook,Strategies.

Bothofthosebooksareavailableatthebookstore.

ButIwanttowarneverybodyaheadoftime,

Iwillnotbefollowingthetextbook.

Iregardthesebooksassafetynets.

Ifyoudon'tunderstandsomethingthathappenedinclass,

youwanttoreinforceanideathatcameupinclass,

thenyoushouldreadtherelevantchaptersinthebook

andthesyllabuswilltellyouwhichchapterstoreadforeachclass,

orforeachweekofclass,allright.

ButIwillnotbefollowingthesebooksreligiouslyatall.

Infact,they'rejustthereasbackup.

Inaddition,IstronglyrecommendpeoplereadThinkingStrategically.

Thisisgoodbedtimereading.Doanyofyousufferfrominsomnia?

It'sverygoodbedtimereadingifyousufferfrominsomnia.

It'sagoodbookandwhat'smore

there'sgoingtobeaneweditiono