直接引语与间接引语Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.docx
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直接引语与间接引语DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech
直接引语与间接引语(DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech)
Directspeechandindirectspeech
directspeechandindirectspeech
Quoteorquotesomeoneelse'sspeechiscalled"quote"".Directreferencetootherssaid,"mark,"quotesarecalleddirectspeech;quotedthewordsofothersintheirownlanguage,donotneedtoquotethisiscalledindirectspeechandindirectspeechareactuallytheobjectclause(excepttheindirectspeechconversionbyimperativesentenceconversionaftertheinfinitive).Thenthedirectspeechisdeclarative,interrogative,generalspecialinterrogativesentencesandimperativesentences,convertedintoindirectspeech,sentencestructure,person,tense,wheretimeadverbialandsohavechange,howtochange?
1,thechangeofperson
1)thefirstpersonindirectspeechisgenerallyconvertedtothethirdperson,suchasthefirstperson:
Hesaid,"Iamverysorry."-->Hesaidthathewasverysorry.
2)thesecondpersonindirectspeechisconvertedtothefirstpersoniftheoriginalwordisintendedtorefertothespeaker:
"Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime","myfathertoldme.">
MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.
3)thesecondpersonindirectspeech,iftheoriginalwordisforthethirdperson,isconvertedintothethirdperson.Suchas:
Shesaidtoherson,"I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight."->
Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.
4)theconversionofpersonincludespersonalpronouns,possessivepronounsandnominalpossessivepronouns,suchaspersonalpronouns,possessivepronounsandnominalpossessivepronouns:
Heaskedme,"Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?
"->
HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotoafternoon.thestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthat
Inshort,theconversionofpersonisnotfixed,specificcircumstances,specifictreatment,shouldbeinaccordancewithlogic.
2,theconversionoftense
Directspeechintoindirectspeech,ifthepredicateverbisifthepast,clause(i.e.indirectpart)oftheverbshouldmakethecorrespondingchangesinthetemporalaspect,allbecomethepasttensecategory(theactualobjecttense,changethefollowingrequirements):
Directspeechindirectspeech
Thepresentsimplepasttense
Pastperfectpastperfecttense
Presentprogressivetense,pastprogressivetense
Presentperfecttense,pastperfecttense
Pastperfecttense,pastperfecttense
Pastcontinuoustense
Thepastfuturetense,pastfuturetense
Forexample:
"Iamverygladtovisitschoolyour","shesaid.">
Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.
Tomsaid,"Wearelisteningtothepopmusic."->
Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.
Motherasked,"HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?
"->
MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.
Heaskedtheconductor,"WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?
"->
Heaskedtheconductorwherehewouldbus.getofftochangetoaNo.3
"Whydidsherefusetogothere?
"theteacherasked.->
Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.
Motheraskedme,"HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?
"->
妈妈问我在看电视之前是否完成了家庭作业。
汤姆说:
“昨天这个时候我们正在进行足球比赛。
”
汤姆说前天的那个时候他们正在进行足球比赛。
他说:
“这些天我没有收到父母的信。
”
他说那几天他没有收到父母的信。
3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况
1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:
他总是说:
“我累坏了。
”——他总是说他累坏了。
2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:
他会说:
“我会尽力帮助你的。
”——他会说他会尽力帮助我的。
3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:
他说:
“我1994岁上大学的。
”他告诉我们他1994上大学了。
4)当直接引语中有以时,而引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:
他说:
“当我还是个孩子的时候,我通常放学后踢足球。
”
他说他小时候放学后经常踢足球。
5)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:
老师对我们说:
“光比声音传播得快。
”
老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。
6)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:
他说:
“熟能生巧。
”他说熟能生巧。
7)当直接引语中有情态动词应该会,可以过的更好,宁愿,可能,必须,应该,习惯,需要时,如:
例如:
医生说:
“你最好多喝水。
”
医生说我最好喝大量的水。
他说:
“她一定是个老师。
”他说她一定是个教师。
他说:
“她现在该到办公室了。
”
他说她到那时应该已经到了她的办公室。
老师说:
“你今天不必交作文。
”
老师说我们不必[不必]交作文。
她问道:
“我必须吃药吗?
””——>她问她有没有吃药。
〔注〕:
此处用不得不代替必须更好
8)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,这里不必改为那里,动词来不必改为去,如果当天转述昨天,明天,今天下午如等均不必改变:
老师:
你可以今天下午有球赛。
学生:
老师说什么,班长?
班长:
他说我们今天下午可能有球赛。
4.Temporaladverbials,placeadverbials,andsomedemonstrativedemonstrativepronounsandverbs
1)timeadverbial:
Directspeech,indirectspeech,directspeech,indirectspeech
Now(then);tomorrow(thenext/followingday)
Today(thatday);nextweek(thenext/followingweek/month/year)
Yesterday(thedaybefore)twodaysago(twodaysbefore)
Lastweek/month/year(theweek/month/yearbefore)thisweek/month/year(thatweek/month/year)
2)demonstrativepronoun:
thesebecomesthose
3)placeadverbial:
herebecomesthere
Shesaid,"Iwon'tcomehereanymore."->Shesaidthatshewouldn'tgothereanymore..
4)verb:
comebecomesgo,bringbecomestake
5,directspeechintoindirectspeech,sentencestructurechanges
1)declarativesentences.Guidedbyconjunctionthat,thatisoftenomittedinspokenlanguage.Themainverbcanbeusedindirectindirectsaid,canalsobeusedtoreplacethetold,thatcanbesaidsaidthatsaid,tosb.that,toldsb.that,toldthatcannotdirectlysay,suchas:
Hesaid,"IhavebeentotheGreatWall."->HesaidtousthathehadbeentoWall.theGreat
Hesaid,"I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday."->
HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(toldthatcannotbesaid)
Inaddition,it'salsooftenpredicate:
Repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think,andsoon:
Hesaid,"I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic."->Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseofheavythetraffic.
Iftheindirectspeechisthetwoormorethantwocoordinateclauseswhichareguidedbythat,thefirstconjunctioncanbeomitted,andthesubsequentconjunctionsshouldnotbeomittedsoastoavoidconfusion.
Thedoctorsaid,"Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon."->
Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.
2)directspeechtogeneralquestions,(alsoknownaswhetherinterrogativesentence,indirectspeech)usingconjunctionswhetherorif,iftheoriginalpredicateverbsaidtoasked(me/him/us),thewordorderisastatementoftheorder,thisisaveryimportantpoint.
Hesaid,"Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?
"->
Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.
Hesaid,"YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?
"->
HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.
3)thedirectspeechisthechoiceinterrogativesentence,andtheindirectspeechiswhether...Or...Expressionwithoutusingif...Or...Don'tuseeither,either...Or...Suchas:
Heasked,"DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?
"->
HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..
Iasked,"Willyoutakebusortaketrain?
"->
Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.
4)directspeechintospecialquestions,changedintoindirectspeech,theoriginalinterrogativeasconjunctionsofindirectspeech,themainverbask(sb.)toexpresstheordertosay.Suchas:
他问:
“你叫什么名字?
”他问我叫什么名字。
他问我们:
“你们国家建了多少家汽车厂?
“-->
他问我们在我国建了多少汽车厂。
5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带到的不定式表达,谓语动词常是问,提醒,告诉,警告,命令,要求等如问某人。
做,(由肯定祈使句变成)问某人。
不,并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化如(由否定祈使句转变):
他说:
“请坐。
”他叫我们坐下。
“一定要小心你的笔迹。
”他说。
-->
他告诉我要小心我的笔迹。
“再也不要来了!
附近的军官说。
-->
军官命令村民们不要再去那里了。
老师说:
“未经允许,不要碰实验室里的任何东西。
”。
-->
老师警告学生在未经允许的情况下不得触摸实验室内的任何东西。
6)有些含有”建议”-->、”劝告”-->的祈使句,可用建议,坚持,提供等动词转述,如:
他说:
“让我们休息一会儿吧。
”——他建议我们休息一会儿。
他说:
“让我来帮你吧。
”——他主动提出帮助我。
7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用问某人。
建议某人做某事/建议某人做某事。
做某事等形式转述。
如:
“你介意把门打开吗?
”他问道。
他叫我把门打开。
“为什么不出去散步呢?
”他问我们。
-->
他建议我们出去散步。
或他建议我们出去散步。
8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用什么或如何引导,也可用,引导,如:
她说:
“今天天气多好啊!
她说今天天气多好啊。
或她说那是一个可爱的一天。
嵌套间接引语的从句:
如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句,则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句,英文叫:
间接陈述从句。
这时,这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。
从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。
如:
Duxdicebatmilitem魁fugisset心灵daturum存在。
统帅曾常说,那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。
魁fugisset[逃跑]是一句关系从句,修饰militem”士兵”,由于处在dicebat[说]后面的间接引语当中,因此需使用虚拟语气。
间接引语的动词是不定式daturum存在[将受到],为将来时,因为动作发生在主句动词”说”之后,而fugisset[逃跑]为虚拟语气的过去完成时,表示在统帅”说话”之前已经逃走了
如何把直接引语变间接引语
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。
Inpersoninaccordancewithclausesubjectpersonchangessuchas:
Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."-Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.
"Twoastheobject"referstothedirectspeechtoindirectspeech,ifthesubjectandobjectintheclauseisthesecondperson.Oryouaredecoratedbysecondpeople.Inpersonwithquotesoutsidetheobjectclauseagreement.IfIdonothaveanobjectoutsidethequotationmarks.Youcanalsousethefirstperson,forexample:
HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?
"HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen.
"Thethirdpersondoesnotupdate"referstothedirectspeechwhentheindirectspeechischanged.Ifthesubjectandobjectintheclausearethethirdpersonoraremodifiedbythethirdperson,thepersonintheclausedoesnotneedtochange,forexample:
MrSmithsaid."Jackisagoodworker"."MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker".
Variabletense:
Whenthedirectspeechischangedintoindirectspeech,thetenseneedstobeadjustedaccordingly.
Thepresenttenseneedstobechangedintothepasttense;thepasttensetotheperfecttense;thepastperfecttensetoretaintheoriginaltense.Suchas:
1)Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."-Shesaidshehadlostapen
2)Shesaid."Wehopeso."-Shesaidtheyhopedso.
3)Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend"."Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend".
Butweshouldpayattentiontothefollowingsituations.Whendirectspeechischangedintoindirectspeech,tensedoesnotchange.
Directspeechisobjectivetruth.
"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.theTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundearth.
Directspeechisthepastcontinuoustense,andthetenseisinvariable.Suchas:
Jacksaid."John