英语语言学名词解释.docx
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英语语言学名词解释
Chapter12 :
LanguageAndBrain
1.neurolinguistics:
Itisthestudyofrelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthestructureofthebraininfluenceslanguagelearning,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.
2.psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageprocessing.Itisconcernedwiththeprocessesoflanguageacqisition,comprehensionandproduction.
3.brainlateralization:
Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptivefunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.
4.dichoticlistening:
Atechniqueinwhichstimulieitherlinguisticornon-linguisticarepresentedthroughheadphonestotheleftandrighteartodeterminethelateralizationofcognitivefunction.
5.rightearadvantage:
Thephenomenonthattherightearshowsanadvantagefortheperceptionoflinguisticsignalsidknownastherightearadvantage.
6.splitbrainstudies:
Theexperimentsthatinvestigatetheeffectsofsurgicallyseveringthecorpuscallosumoncognitionarecalledassplitbrainstudies.
7.aphasia:
Itreferstoanumberofacquiredlanguagedisordersduetothecerebrallesionscausedbyatumor,anaccidentandsoon.
8.non-fluentaphasia:
Damagetopartsofthebraininfrontofthecentralsulcusiscallednon-fluentaphasia.
9.fluentaphasia:
Damagetopartsoftheleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcusresultsinatypeofaphasiacalledfluentaphasia.
10.Acquireddyslexia:
Damageinandaroundtheangulargyrusoftheparietallobeoftencausestheimpairmentofreadingandwritingability,whichisreferredtoasacquireddyslexia.
11.phonologicaldyslexia:
itisatypeofacquireddyslexiainwhichthepatientseemstohavelosttheabilitytousespelling-to-soundrules.
12.surfacedyslexia:
itisatypeofacquireddyslexiainwhichthepatientseemsunabletorecognizewordsaswholebutmustprocessallwordsthroughasetofspelling-to-soundrules.
13.spoonerism:
aslipoftongueinwhichthepositionofsounds,syllables,orwordsisreversed,forexample,Let’shavechishandfipsinstendofLet’shavefishandchips.
14.priming:
theprocessthatbeforetheparticipantsmakeadecisionwhetherthestringoflettersisawordornot,theyarepresentedwithanactivatedword.
15.frequencyeffect:
Subjectstakelesstimetomakejudgementonfrequentlyusedwordsthantojudgelesscommonlyusedwords.Thisphenomenoniscalledfrequencyeffect.
16.lexicaldecision:
anexperimentthatletparticipantsjudgewhetherastringofletterisawordornotatacertaintime.
17.theprimingexperiment:
Anexperimentthatletsubjectsjudgewhetherastringoflettersisawordornotaftershowedwithastimulusword,calledprime.
18.primingeffect:
Sincethementalrepresentationisactivatedthroughtheprime,whenthetargetispresented,responsetimeisshorterthatitotherwisewouldhavebeen.Thisiscalledtheprimingeffect.(06F)
19.bottom-upprocessing:
anapproachthatmakesuseprincipallyofinformationwhichisalreadypresentinthedata.
20.top-downprocessing:
anapproachthatmakesuseofpreviousknowledgeandexperienceofthereadersinanalyzingandprocessinginformationwhichisreceived.
21.gardenpathsentences:
asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordorphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentence.
22.slipofthetongue:
mistakesinspeechwhichprovidepsycholinguisticevidenceforthewayweformulatewordsandphrases.
Chapter11 :
SecondLanguageAcquisition
1.secondlanguageacquisition:
Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.
2.targetlanguage:
Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.
3.secondlanguage:
Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.
4.foreignlanguage:
Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.
5.interlanguage:
Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.
6.fossilization:
Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.
7.contrastiveanalysis:
amethodofanalyzinglanguagesforinstructionalpurposeswherebyanativelanguageandtargetlanguagearecomparedwithaviewtoestablishingpointsofdifferencelikelytocausedifficultiesforlearners.
8.contrastiveanalysishypothesis:
Ahypothesisinsecondlanguageacquisition.Itpredictsthatwheretherearesimilaritiesbetweenthefirstandsecondlanguages,thelearnerwillacquiresecondlanguagestructurewithease,wheretherearedifferences,thelearnerwillhavedifficulty.
9.positivetransfer:
Itreferstothetransferthatoccurwhenboththenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagehavethesameform,thusmakinglearningeasier.(06F)
10.negativetransfer:
themistakentransferoffeaturesofone’snativelanguageintoasecondlanguage.
11.erroranalysis:
thestudyandanalysisoferrorsmadebysecondandforeignlanguagelearnersinordertoidentifycausesoferrorsorcommondifficultiesinlanguagelearning.
12.interlingualerror:
errors,whichmainlyresultfromcross-linguisticinterferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological,lexical,grammaticaletc.
13.intralingualerror:
Errors,whichmainlyresultfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage,independentofthenativelanguage.Thetypicalexamplesareovergeneralizationandcross-association.
14.overgeneralization:
Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,inwhichtheyareunacceptable.
15.cross-association:
somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscalledcross-association.
16.error:
theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanon-nativespeakerofasecondlanguage,duetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.
17.mistake:
mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible,suggestfailureinperformance.
18.input:
languagewhichalearnerhearsorreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanlearn.
19.intake:
theinputwhichisactuallyhelpfulforthelearner.
20.InputHypothesis:
AhypothesisproposedbyKrashen,whichstatesthatinsecondlanguagelearning,it’snecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.Eventuallytheabilitytoproducelanguageissaidtoemergenaturallywithoutbeingtaughtdirectly.
21.acquisition:
Acquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,informallearningornaturallearning.
22.learning:
learningisaconsciouslearningofsecondlanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.
23.comprehensibleinput:
Inputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.(06F)
24.languageaptitude:
thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguage,notincludingintelligence,motivation,interest,etc.
25.motivation:
motivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive.
26.instrumentalmotivation:
themotivationthatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforinstrumentalgoalssuchaspassingexams,orfurtheringacareeretc.(06C)
27.integrativemotivation:
thedrivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.(06C/05)
28.resultativemotivation:
thedrivethatlearnerslearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurposes.(06F)
29.intrinsicmotivation:
thedrivethatlearnerslearnthesecondlanguageforenjoymentorpleasurefromlearning.
30.learningstrategies:
learningstrategiesarelearners’consciousgoal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.
31.cognitivestrategies:
strategiesinvolvedinanalyzing,synthesis,andinternalizingwhathasbeenlearned.(07C/06F)
32.metacognitivestrategies:
thetechniquesinplanning,monitoringandevaluatingone’slearning.
33.affect/socialstrategies:
thestrategiesdealingwiththewayslearnersinteractorcommunicatewithotherspeakers,nativeornon-native.
Chapter10:
LanguageAcquisition
1.languageacquisition:
Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.
2.languageacquisitiondevice(LAD):
Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.(03)
3.UniversalGrammar:
Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.
4.motherese:
Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc.----又叫childdirectedspeech,caretakertalk.(05)
5.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:
Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpu