New Zealand.docx

New Zealand.docx

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NewZealand

姓名：

陈慧美

学号：

20101310302

专业班级：

英语三班

学院名称：

外国语与国际教育学院

NewZealand

NewZealand,whichlocatedinsouthwesternofthePacificOcean,isanislandcountry.Itspans1600kmfromnorthtosouthandisapproximately2250kmeastofAustralia.

1.PopulationandLanguage

NewZealandhasapopulationofabout4.2millionpeople,threequartersofwhomliveintheNorthIsland.Mostofthepeoplearethewhites,theymakeupabout80%.Maorimakeup10%.Auckland,WellingtonandChristchurcharethemostcrowdedcities.Asforreligion,christianityisthemostwidespreadone.

TheofficiallanguagesareEnglish,MaoriandtheNewZealandsignlanguage.

2.TerritoryandGeography

NewZealandismadeupoftheNorthIsland,theSouthIsland,StewartIslandandvarioussmallislandssurrounding.

NewZealandcovers268,680squarekilometers,ranking75intheworld.Theexclusiveeconomiczoneis1.2millonsquarekilometers.NorthIslandcovers114452squarekilometers,andSouthIsland'sareais150712squarekilometers.TheareaoftwomainislandsisaslargeasJapan,biggerthanBritain.NewZealandiscomplimentedasthelandofthelongwhitecloud.NorthIslandiscoveredwiththickwoodlandsandcorplands,andaclusterofvolcanoesislocatedhere.Therearemanyglaciers,lakesandforestsonSouthIsland.

3.Majorcities

ThecapitalofNewZealandisWellington,whichisthethesoutheastcapitalintheworld.Ithasapopulationof45thousandpeople.Aucklandisanotherimportantcity,italsoliesontheNorthIsland.Aucklandisnotonlythebiggestbusinessbay,butalsoanimportantairportandnavalport.Thiscityiskeptawayfrompollution,mostofwood.Christchurch,DunedinandHamiltonareotherfamouscitiesin

NewZealand.

4.Naturalresources

Thecountrypossessesrichmineraldeposits，mainlyarecoal,gold,Ironore、naturalgas,andsilver,manganese,tungsten,Phosphoricacid，Salt,oil,andsoon,butthereservesisnotbig.Theoilreservesis30milliontons,naturalgasreservesis170billioncubicmeters.

Forestresourcesissorichwithan8.1millionhectaresforestarea,whichaccountsfor30%ofthetotalarea.Theforestsisalmostevergreenforest,amongthemaregianttreefern、rattanandepiphyte.Dammara,oneofthelargestplantsintheworld,isliveintheconcavegroundoftherelativelysmallnorthislandandCoromandelPeninsulaofthiscountry.Andthemainproductsare,logs,wood,paperandboards...

5.Animals

AsNewZealandisisolatedfromotherlandmasses,ithasfewoftheadvancedanimalspeciesthatevolvedelsewhere.Apartfromtwospeciesofbats,therearenonativelandanimals.Instead,uniqueandoftenrarespeciesofplants,birdsandinsectshavedeveloped.ThekiwiisanationalsymbolandNewZealandoftenrefertothemselvesasKiwi.Thesebirdsincludingthekiwi,kakapoandwekathrivedontheforestfloor,becauseofthelackofmammalsandbecameflightless.VirtuallyallNewZealand'snativeinsectsarefoundnowhereelse.Severalspeciesofgiantsnailsandunusualfrogsresideinisolatedareas.Therearenosnakesorpoisonouscreaturesexceptfortheveryrarecoastalkatipospider

6.History

NewZealandhasbeenalonelyislandfor50millionyearsuntil10DC,somesailorscametothisislandbycanoes.Bytheyear1642,AbelTasman,aDutchnavigatormadethefirstrecordedEuropeansightingofNewZealandandnameditStatenLand,whichwaslaterchangedtoNieuwZealand.However,itwasnotuntil1769thatCaptainJamesCookchartedthecoastlineandexploredthecountry.Sealers,whalers,tradersandmissionariersbegantoarriveonNewZealandsoonafterCaptainCook.Intheearly1800s,manyBritishpeoplebegancommunitiesonSouthIsland,wheretherewerefewMaorisettles.

In1840,about2000Europeanimmigrantssettleddownatthecoastoftheisland.TheMaoriandtheEuropean（MaoricalledthemPakeha）askedthekingdomtoenactsomelawsandorders.InFebruary6th,1840.WilliamHobson,representingQueenVictoria,andsomeMaorichiefs,signedtheTreatyofWaitangi,andmodernNewZealandwasfounded.ItishroughttheTreatyofWaitangithattheUnitedKingdomestablishedBritishsovereigntyinNewZealand.

From19thcentury,thepopulationintheNorthIslandwaslargerthantheSouth,thenumberofpopulationincreasedto2million.Bythe1890sparliamentarygovernmentalongdemocraticlineswaswellestablished,andNewZealand'ssocialinstitutionsassumedtheirpresentform.NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytograntvotestowomenin1893.Oldagepensionswereintroducedin1898.TheturnofthecenturybroughtsweepingsocialformsthatbuiltthefoundationforNewZealand'sversionofthewelfarestate.

ModernNewZealandisadevelopmentcountry,anditisactiveinworldtradeandpolitics.

7.Art

TheMaorihasalonghistory,thustheyhaveacolorfulculture,whichremainstheconnectionbetweentheirspiritandthenature.TheMaorihasaspecialkindofdancing,calledHaka,adanceoftenperformedtocheerbeforeeveryAllBlack'sinternationalrugbymatch.

NewZealand'smusicalsoattractstheworld'sattention.

8.Education

EducationisanimportantpartoflivinginNewZealand,andisregardedasoneoftheworld'sbesteducationalsystem.

（1）Earlychildhoodeducation

Itisthenon-compulsoryeducationandcareofyoungchildrenandinfantsbeforetheystartschool.Earlychildhoodeducationcentersincludekindergartens,playcenters,childcarecentersandcommunityplaygroups.

（2）Compulsoryeducationsystem

Thegovernmentspends200millionNZDoneducation.Schooliscompulsoryforchildrenagedfromsixto16years.StatesschoolsarefundedbyNewZealandGovernmentandarefoundnearlyeverywhereinNewZealand.

（3）Post-compulsoryeducationandtraining

Studentswhofinishsecondaryschoolcangoontopost-compulsoryeducationandtraining.Thismaybeatauniversity,polytechnic,privatetrainingestablishmentorcollegeofeducation.Studentsareexpectedtopayfeesasacontributiontowardsthecostoftheirtertiarystudy.

NewZealandhasmanyfamousuniversities.SuchastheUniversityofAuckland,VictoriaUniversityofWellington,MasseyUniversity.

9.Custom

TheZelaniangreetpeoplewithhand-shaking.Theyusuallygrasptheother'shandtightly,andtheireyescontactwitheachother'sdirectly.Themanissupposedtowaitforthewoman'shand.Whenpeoplefirstmeet,thesamepositionofpeoplecalleachotherthefirstname,addingMr.OrMiss.Itisaftertheyknoweachotherwellcantheycallthename.

TheZelanianhasasenseofpunctuality,theyliketoarrangethetimeandplacewellbeforemeetings.Aguestmayshowhisrespectforthehostbyarrivingseveralminutesearlier.

Whenitcomestosmalltalks,itisacceptabletotalkabouttheweather,sports,policy,andtourist,Private,religionandethnicmustbeavoided.

IfsomeoneisinvitedtoaZelanian'shouse,heorshecanbringaboxofchocolateorabottleofwhiskeyforthehost,abunchofflowersforthehostess,butthegiftshouldn'tbetooexpensive.

10.Politicalsystem

SimilarwithAustralia,NewZealandisaconstitutionalmonarchycountry,theparliamentaryandministerialareresponsible.ThequeenofEnglandisalsotheheadofNewZealand,thegovernorofNewZealandrepresentsexerciseofitspowers.ThegovernorisappointedbytheBritishqueen,whohasatermof5years.AndastheBritishmonarch,Governor-GeneralofNewZealandhavelittlepracticalpower,hecannotdenythegovernmentdecision,thegovernorthatappointedintheparliamentaryelectionofthepartyleaderformthegovernment.Nationalpowerliesinthecabinetandtheprimeminister.Accordingtothe"1986ConstitutionAct",theconstitutionwasdividedintofourelements:

theking（governor）,administrative,legislative,andjudicial.

In1983throughthe"franchise"provisionsoftheGovernor-General'spowers,thegovernorisapartoftheparliament,participatinginthecabinetwiththecompositionoftheexecutivecommitteemeeting.Anactofparliamentmustbesignedbythegovernorbeforeitcanbecomeeffective.Accordingtotheprovisionsoftheconstitution,thegovernormustfollowgovernmentministersadvise,butinspecialcircumstances,namely,thegovernorthinksthatthegovernmentactedillegally,canrejecttothegovernment'sproposal,knownasthe"rightofretention".Despitethefactthatthegovernorhasfewsubstantiverights,sometimesinsomesensehestillhaspotentialpoliticalpower,suchasthedissolutionofParliament,announcedanelection,oraccepttheprimeministerandthecabinetproposals.Therefore,thegovernorhasthreefunctions,namely,socialfunction,ceremonialandconstitutionalfunction.

AlthoughNewZealandhasnowrittenconstitution,thegovernment'slegislation,lawenforcementandjudicialfunctionsinthelawmakeitveryclearly.Premierleadthepartyandsomeotherpartiesforaparliamentarymajoritygovernment.TheprimeministerhastherighttorequestthegovernorinCounciltermbeforetheendofthedissolutionofParliament,toselectanddismissministersandcabinetmemberstoadjust.Aftertheelection,theprimeministerchoosesMPandiscomposedbyitsleader'scabinet.Thecabinetministerisaparliamentarygovernmentstoformulatepoliciesofthecentral.Thereareafewdonotbelongtothemembersofthecabinetminister.Membersofthecabinetdiscussaboutthepolicyproposalgovernmentinitiatedlegislationongovernmentspending.ThemainfunctionsofParliamentistomakelaws.Alllawsarestartedindraft,aftertheparliamentarydebates,thedraftlawisgenerallygivenbytherulingpartyandtheoppositionmembersofthespecialcommittee.Thecommitteelistentothepublicsuggest