traffic engineering读书笔记.docx

traffic engineering读书笔记.docx

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trafficengineering读书笔记

Preface

Thetextisorganizedinfourmajorfunctionalparts:

PartI:

Components（要素）oftheTrafficSystem（2-6）

Part11:

TrafficStudiesandPrograms（7-11）

Part111:

ApplicationstoFreewayandRuralHighwaySystems（12-15）

PartIVApplicationstoUrbanandSuburbanStreetSystems（16-27）

1交通工程概述

2道路使用者和车辆特性　　

3道路及其几何特性　　

4交通控制装置概述　　

5交通流特性　　

6智能运输系统　　

7统计在交通工程中的应用　　

8交通量研究及特性　　

9速度和运行时间及延误研究　　

10交通事故研究和统计　　

11停车特性及设施

12高速公路和多车道公路的通行能力与服务水平分析　　

13高速公路及多车道公路的交织及分流合流　　

14双向双车道乡村公路　　

15高速公路及乡村公路的信号标志　　

16交叉口控制概述　　

17交叉口信号控制基本原理　　

18信号配时与设计基础　　

19交叉口设计元素及方案　　

20实际信号控制和检测　　

21信号控制交叉口分析　　

22信号控制交叉口分析的应用　　

23无信号控制交叉口分析　　

24干线及网络的信号协调　　

25干线性能分析　　

26干线规划与设计　　

27城市道路网络交通规划与运营

1Introductiontotrafficengineering

1.1conceptions

Transportationengineering（交通运输系统）istheapplicationoftechnologyandscientificprinciplestotheplanning,functionaldesign,operation,andmanagementoffacilitiesforanymodeoftransportationinordertoprovideforthesafe,rapid,comfortable,convenient,economical,andenvironmentallycompatiblemovementofpeopleandgoods.

Trafficengineering（交通工程）isthatphaseoftransportationengineeringwhichdealswiththeplanning,geometricdesignandtrafficoperationsofroads,streets,andhighways,theirnetworks,terminals,abuttinglands,andrelationshipswithothermodesoftransportation.

1.1.1safety-theprimaryobjective

DUI（drivingundertheinfluence）酒驾

DWI（drivingwhileintoxicated）醉后驾驶

1.1.2otherobjectives

Speed/comfort/convenience/economy/environmentalcompatibility

1.1.3responsibility,ethics,andliabilityintrafficengineering

applythemostcurrentstandards

ancompleteanalysis

duecare

notarbitrary

1.2transportationsystemanditsfunction

amajorcomponentofthecountry'seconomyandhaveanenormousimpactontheshapeofthesocietyandtheefficiencyoftheeconomy

1.2.1thenatureoftransportationdemand

1.2.2conceptsofmobilityandaccessibility

Inhighwaysystems,mobilityisprovidedbyhigh-typefacilities,suchasfreeways,expressways,andprimaryandsecondaryarterials.Accessibilityisgenerallyprovidedbylocalstreetnetworks.

Agoodtransportationsystemmustprovideforbothmobilityandaccessibilityandshouldbedesignedtoseparatethefunctionstotheextentpossibletoensurebothsafetyandefficiency.

1.2.3people,goods,andvehicles

1.2.4transportationmodes

城市、城际客运、货运系统（各种运输模式，如汽车、公交、火车、火车等）

1.3highwaylegislationandhistoryinAmerica

1700s私人道路

1811第一条nationalpike（联邦政府管理）

1832SupremeCourt决定由各个州自己管理道路

1916,1934,1944,1956,1970,1983Federal-AidHighwayAct

1998TransportationEquityActforthe21stCentury（TEA-21）

centralbusinessdistricts（CBD）

1.4elementsoftrafficengineering

1.Trafficstudiesandcharacteristics

2.Peirformanceevaluation

3.Facilitydesign

4.Trafficcontrolisacentralfunctionoftrafficengineersandinvolvestheestablishmentoftrafficregulationsandtheircommunicationtothedriverthroughtheuseoftrafficcontroldevices,suchassigns,markings,andsignals.

5.Trafficoperationsinvolvesmeasuresthatinfluenceoveralloperationoftrafficfacilities,suchasone-waystreetsystems,transitoperations,curbmanagement,andsurveillanceandnetworkcontrolsystems.

6.Transportationsystemsmanagementoptimizing,strategies

7.Integrationofintelligenttransportationsystem（ITS）technologiesreferstotheapplicationofmoderntelecommunicationstechnologytotheoperationandcontroloftransportationsystems.Suchsystemsincludeautomatedhighways,automatedtoll-collectionsystems,vehicle-trackingsystems,in-vehicleGPSandmappingsystems,automatedenforcementoftrafficlightsandspeedlaws,smartcontroldevices,andothers.Thisisarapidlyemergingfamilyoftechnologieswiththepotentialtoradicallyalterthewaywetravelaswellasthewayinwhichtransportationprofessionalsgatherinformationandcontrolfacilities.Whilethetechnologycontinuestoexpand,societywillgrapplewiththesubstantial“bigbrother”issues

thatsuchsystemsinvariablycreate.

1.5modernproblemsforengineers

Urbancongestion

Growthmanagement

Reconstructionofexistinghighwayfacilitiesalsocausesuniqueproblems

securityoftransportationfacilities

1.6standardreferenceforengineers

权威组织inU.S.

1theInstituteofTransportationEngineers（ITE）

2theTransportationResearchBoard（TRB）交通运输研究委员会TRBisabranchoftheNationalAcademyofEngineeringandisamajorsourceofresearchpapersandreports.

3TheTransportationGroupoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers（ASCE）美国土木工程师学会交通运输组

4ITSAmerica

参考书目

Tra.cEngineeringHandbook[I]

UniformVehicleCodeandModelTraficOrdinance[2]

ManualonUniformTraficControlDevices[3]

HighwayCapacityManual[4]

APolicyonGeometricDesignofHighwaysandStreets[5]

参考网站

各组织的官方网站

2roaduserandvehiclecharacteristics

2.1overviewandtrafficstreamcomponents

Roadusers-drivers,pedestrians,bicyclists,andpassengers

Vehicles-privateandcommercial

Streetsandhighways

Trafficcontroldevices

Thegeneralenvironment

2.1.1dealingwithdiversity

85%percentile

licensingcriteriaandfederalandstatestandardsonvehicledesignandoperatingcharacteristics.

2.1.2addressingdiversitywithuniformity

2.2roaduser

个性、心理、视觉、反应对司机而言很重要，而听觉、身体力量等不重要

2.2.1visualcharacteristicsofdrivers

2.2.2importantvisualdeficits

cataracts,glaucoma,peripheralvisiondeficits,ocularmuscleimbalance,depthperceptiondeficits,andcolorblindness

2.2.3perception-reactiontime（PRT）

认知反应时间在不同情况下，不同路段条件下的值不同，TheAmericanAssociationof

StateHighwayandTransportationOfficials（AASHTO）mandatestheuseof2.5secondsformostcomputationsinvolvingbrakingreactions

ThePRTunderthe“expected”situationwasconsistentlyabout0.5secondsfasterthanunderthe“unexpected”situation

其他的可能影响PRT的因素有是否酒驾、年龄、性别等

2.2.4pedestriancharacteristics

步行速度、行人对交通标志的认可以及理解

2.2.5impactsofdrugsandalcoholonroadusers

Recognizingthisisimportantforindividualstoensuresafedriving,andisnowcausingmanystatestoreducetheirlegallimitsonalcoholto0.08%,andforsometoconsider“zerotolerance”criteria（0.01%）fornewdriversforthefirstyearortwotheyarelicensed.

Blood-AlcoholLevel（BAC）

只有加强教育而别无他法？

？

？

？

？

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2.2.6impactofagingonroadusers

Increasedconsiderationoftheirneeds,particularlyinthedesignandimplementationofcontroldevicesandtrafficregulations.

2.2.7psychologicalandpersonalityandrelatedfactors

“Roadrage”istheextremeexpressionofadriver’spsychologicalandpersonaldispleasureoverthetrafficsituationheorshehasencountered

2.3vehicles

2.3.1conceptsofthedesignvehicle

2.3.2turningcharacteristicsofvehicles

2.3.3brakingcharacteristics

2.3.4accelerationcharacteristics

2.4totalstoppingdistanceandapplications

2.4.1safestoppingsightdistance

2.4.2decisionsightdistance

2.4.3othersightdistanceapplications

2.4.4Change（Yellow）andClearance（AllRed）IntervalsforaTrafficSignal

Theyellowintervalforatrafficsignalisdesignedtoallowavelhiclethatcannotcomfortablystopwhenthegreeniswithdrawntoentertheintersectionlegally.ConsiderthesituationshowninFigure2.5.InFigure2.5,disthesafestoppingdistance.Atthetimethegreeniswithdrawn,avehicleatdorlessfeetfromtheintersectionlinewillnotbeabletostop,assumingnormaldesignvalueshold.Avehiclefurtherawaythandwouldbeabletostopwithoutencroachingintotheintersectionarea.Theyellowsignalistimedtoallowavehiclethatcannotstoptotraversedistancedattheapproachspeed（S）.Avehiclemaylegallyentertheintersectiononyellow.Havingenteredtheintersectionlegally,theall-redperiodmustallowthevehicletocrosstheintersectionwidth（W）andclearthebackendofthevehicle（L）pastthefarintersectionline.Thus,theyellowintervalmustbetimedtoallowavehicletotraversethesafestoppingdistance.Consideracaseinwhichtheapproachspeedtoasignalizedintersectionis40mi/h.Howlongshouldtheyellowintervalbe?

Thesafestoppingdistanceiscomputedusingastandardreactiontimeof1.0sforsignaltimingandlevelgrade:

Inactualpractice,theyellowintervaliscomputedusingadirecttime-basedalgorithm算法andastandarddecelerationrate.Theprinciple,however,isthesame.Thisexampleshowshowtheconceptofsafestoppingdistanceisincorporatedintosignaltimingmethodologies,whicharediscussedindetailinChapter20.

一英尺等于0.3048米

一英里（mi）等于1609米

3roadwaysandtheirgeometriccharacteristics

3.1highwaysfunctionandclassification

3.1.1tripfunction

AmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials（AASHTO）美国国家公路与运输协会

sixdistincttravelmovementsthatmaybepresentinatypicaltrip:

Mainmovement

Transition

Distribution

Collection

Access

Termination

3.1.2highwayclassification

Limited-accessfacilities

Arterials

Collectors

Localstreets

3.1.3preservingthefunctionofafacility

Theimportanceofprovidingdesignsandcontrolsthatareappropriatetotheintendedfunctionofafacilitycannotbeunderstated.（主要是通过四种道路的布局分配实现城市期望的运输功能，网格型其实容易造成人车混行，从而造成拥堵）

3.2highwaydesignelements（想想有什么新的东西，记下来，其他的不必记了）

3.2.1introductiontohorizontalalignment

3.2.2verticalalignment

Layout布局

3.2.3introductiontocross-sectionalelements

3.2.4surveyingandstationing

3.3平曲线

3.4竖曲线

3.5横断面

P.I.=pointofintersection;pointatwhichthe

P.C.=pointofcurvature;pointatwhichthe

P.T.=pointoftangency;pointatwhichthe

T=lengthoftangent

TS.=transitionstationfromtangenttospiral

S.C.=transitionstationfromspiraltocircular