高考英语真题分类汇编专题11说明文类阅读理解.docx
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高考英语真题分类汇编专题11说明文类阅读理解
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11:
说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解(共12题;共90分)
1.(2018•卷Ⅰ)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
C
Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.
Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.
Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.
Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):
noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.
(1)Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?
A. Theydevelopedveryfast. B. Theywerelargeinnumber.
C. Theyhadsimilarpatterns.
D. Theywerecloselyconnected.
(2)Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2?
A. Complex.
B. Advanced
C. Powerful.
D. Modern.
(3)Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?
A. About6,800. B. About3,400. C. About2,400. D. About1,200.
(4)Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A. Newlanguageswillbecreated.
B. People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.
C. Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.
D. Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.
【答案】
(1)B
(2)C
(3)B
(4)C
【考点】主旨大意题,词义猜测题,细节理解题,社会文化类,说明文
【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文,介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展,许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝,世界语言种类越来越少。
⑴B 推理判断。
第一段第二三句Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknitgroupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother。
故答案为B。
⑵C 词义猜测。
根据第二段划线部分句子句中的suchasEnglishSpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover 可知,强大的语言如英语,西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管,与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。
故答案为C。
⑶B 细节计算。
根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800,及最后一句halfofthetotalworldlanguages可知6800的一半即3400,故答案为B。
⑷C 主旨大意。
第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失,在人类以打猎为生的时代,语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活,语言的种类就逐渐减少,特别是近几十年来商业化,工业化及全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡,许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。
故答案为C
【点评】本文属于说明文,阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句,然后快速浏览文章内容。
阅读问题,找到问题中的关键词。
在文章中定位问题中的关键词,答案就在关键词附近。
2.(2018•卷Ⅰ)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
D
Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.
Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyuseevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.
Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."TheLiving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekid'sroom,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices-wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTV'swithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.
Sowhat'sthesolution(解决方案)?
Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontablesinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.
(1)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?
A. Theyareenvironment-friendly. B. Theyarenobetterthantheold.
C. Theycostmoretouseathome.
D. Theygooutofstylequickly.
(2)WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?
A. Toreducethecostofminerals. B. Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.
C. Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.
D. Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.
(3)Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?
A. Thebox-setTV.
B. Thetablet.
C. TheLCDTV.
D. Thedesktopcomputer.
(4)Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?
A. Stopusingthem.
B. Takethemapart.
C. Upgradethem.
D. Recyclethem.
【答案】
(1)A
(2)D
(3)B
(4)A
【考点】推理判断题,细节理解题,科普环保类,说明文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。
文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处,这不仅增加能源的消耗,而且也不利于环保,因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。
⑴A 推理判断。
根据第1段最后一句…astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量,因而判断新装置消耗的能量少,所以环保。
故答案为A。
⑵D 细节理解。
根据第2段第一句Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,…故选D,为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。
⑶B 细节理解。
由整个文章的最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知在tablets(平板电脑)而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。
故平板电脑使用最少的能源,选B。
⑷A 细节理解题。
根据最后一段第二句…buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronics…及最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品,结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。
故选A。
【点评】本文属于说明文,阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句,然后快速浏览文章内容。
阅读问题,找到问题中的关键词。
在文章中定位问题中的关键词,答案就在关键词附近。
3.(2018•卷Ⅱ)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
C
Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.
Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren'slives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.
Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,"theproportion(比例)whosaythey'hardlyever'readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday."
Thereportdatashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2-8,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftimespentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromclosertoanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.
Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittletocounsel(建议)parenstlookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.
Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreoften,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.
Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom(逼近)ahead,parentsmighttakethischancetostepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.
(1)WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?
A. Children'sreadinghabits.
B. Qualityofchildren'sbooks.
C. Children'safter-classactivities.
D. Parent-childrelationships.
(2)Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?
A. Inparagraph2.
B. Inparagraph3.
C. Inparagraph4.
D. Inparagraph5.
(3)Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?
A. E-booksareofpoorquality. B. Itcou