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教案

高级英语写作课程

AdvancedEnglishWriting

IntroductorytotheCourse课程介绍

Thiscourseisintendedtomakestudentsunderstandtherequiredmethodsintheadvancedwritings.Afterthecourse,studentsshouldbeabletofreelyexpresstheirideasandthoughtswithidiomaticEnglishexpressionsinthewritings,notChinese-English.

Thecoursewillbedividedintotwomajorparts:

BasicRequirementofAdvancedEnglishWritingandPracticalWriting（应用文）

【说明】★

★Differencesbetweenwrittenlanguageandspokenlanguage.

Theyareboththewayofcommunications.

Spoken:

understandeachotherimmediately,possiblelanguageerrors,mispronunciations,etc.

Written:

grammar/spellingmistakesnotallowed,etc.

★在第一次课后，征询学生意见：

“你希望在写作课程中学到什么”或“你希望老师讲些什么”

SectionIBasicrequirementofadvancedEnglishwriting

该部分的前提是，已经具有一定的写作基础，能写出正确的、合乎英语语法的句子。

因此，不再讲语法和“正确的句子”，而重点在“写出更好的句子”。

I.SentenceLevel

1．Diction（措词）Usingexactwords（用词的准确性）

例1：

他走进了教室。

Theusualwaymaybe:

Hewalked（moved）intotheclassroom.

【说明】

1.一般的动作“走”，仅区别于“跑”、“飞”，或者“bybus”、“onbike”等。

2.更有不同姿势、不同心情的情况下的走，用词就不一样了。

如：

悠闲地走：

stroke

快步地走：

rush,etc.

蹦蹦跳跳地走：

spring

步伐大而有力地走：

bound

腾空跳着走：

leap

跛脚走：

limp

Step:

步入、踏上；

Stagger:

walkormoveunsteadily;蹒跚；（panshan）

Stride:

walkwithlongsteps;大步行走；

March:

walkwithregularandmeasuredsteps;行进、行军；

Tramp:

walkwithheavysteps;重步走；步行、穿行；

【说明】（可做不同的动作来演示下例词的不同表达）

Thebetterwaymaybe;

Herushedintotheclassroom.

Otherpossiblewords:

dashed;stole;stalked（昂首阔步地走；悄悄地追踪）;etc.

【说明】可用小短片显示（布什拉登；备用影像No.1）；

【说明】

使用不同的词，使语句表达得更生动、形象。

比walk好。

【说明】用词的准确性，值得“推敲”。

学习古人们的认真和严谨。

引用贾岛典故“推敲”：

“鸟宿池边树，僧推（敲）月下门。

”

又：

“吟罢一个字，捻断数根须。

”

例2：

（郎文联想词典中的例句）（图加文）

1Example1（熨衣服）

Sheburnedtheshirt.

Shescorchedtheshirt.

Scorch:

toburnthesurfaceofsomethingandleaveadarkmarkonit.

（烧坏了某物的表面）

2Example2（乱涂写）

Sheisdrawingthingswhilesheisonthetelephone.She’snotreallythinkingaboutwhatshe’sdoing.

She’sdoodlingonthepaper.

Doodle:

todrawshapes,lines,orpatternswithoutreallythinkingaboutwhatyouaredoing,forexamplewhenyouarethinkingaboutsomethingelseorwhenyoufeelbored.（胡乱涂画、写）

e.g.IalwaysdoodlewhileI’mtalkingonthephone.

3Example3（偷听）

Thecoupleontheleftarehavingaprivateconversation.themanontherightissecretlylisteningtotheirconversation.

Heiseavesdroppingontheirconversation.

Eavesdrop:

tosecretlylistentosomeoneelse’sconversationbystandingnearthem,hidingbehindadooretc.（偷听别人的谈话）

e.g.HowdidyouknowIwasgoing?

You’vebeeneavesdropping,haven’tyou!

4Example4（手指戳）

Themanispushingherwithhisfingerinordertowakeherup.

Themanispokinghertowakeherup.

Themanisproddingher.

Poke:

topushsomeoneorsomethingwithyourfingerorwithsomethingsharp.

（用手指或尖物戳）

Prod:

togentlypushsomeoneorsomething,usingyourfingerorsomethingsuchasastick.

（轻轻地用手指或尖物戳）

e.g.Igavedadapoketowakehimup.

Theboypokedthefishwithasticktoseeifitwasstillalive.

Theofficerraisedhisstickandproddedthesoldierinthechest.

5Example5（偷视）

Thewomanislookingthroughthegap.Sheseemstobesecretlyhavingaquicklookatsomething.

Sheispeekingthroughthegap.

Sheistakingapeekthroughthegap.

Sheispeepingthroughthegap.

Peek/peep:

tolookatsomethingquicklyandsecretly,especiallyfromaplacewhereyoucannotbeseen.（偷窥）

6Example6（抱小孩）

Thewomanisholdingthelittleboy,andthelittleboyisholdingateddybear.

Thewomaniscuddlingthelittleboy,andthelittleboyiscuddlingtheteddybear.

Cuddle:

toholdsomeoneinyourarmsforalongtime,especiallyachild,asmallanimal,orsomeoneyoulove.（怀抱、拥抱）also:

hug

e.g.thegirlhadfallenasleepinherchair,cuddlingalittleteddybear.

7Example7（小孩哭）

Thelittleboyiscrying.He’sveryupset.

Thelittleboyiscryinghiseyesout.

Cryone’seyesout:

tocryalotbecauseyouareveryupset.

Similarexpressions:

　Tosob:

tocrynoisilyandyourbodyshakes,becauseyouareverysadorbecausesomeonehasupsetyou.

Tobawl:

tocryloudly,especiallyaboutyoungchildrenorpeopleyoudonothaveanysympathyfor.

e.g.Thechildcoveredherfacewithherhandsandstartedtosobuncontrollably.

“Stopbawling,”Dadsaidcrossly,“andcomeoverhere.”

Thebabywassittinginhishighchair,redinthefaceandbawling.

8Example8（不想吃饭）

不想吃饭

Sheisnoteatingverymuchofhermealbecausesheisthinkingaboutsomethingelse.Shedoesn’tlookveryhappy.

Sheispickingatherdinner.

Pickat:

toeatonlyasmallpartofameal,especiallybecauseyoufeelillorunhappy.

e.g.Isatpickingatmydinner,wishingIweresomewhereelse.

【说明】

可显示几幅动画或视频，学生写成句子。

1）Usemorespecificwords

GeneralandSpecificWords

Generalwordsdenotelargeclassesorbroadareas,actionsorqualities;specificwordsdenoteindividualobjects,actionsorqualitiesthatcomposeclassedorareas.Forinstance,“clothing”isthegeneralwordwhichnamesagroupofmorespecificarticlessuchascoat,jacket,skirts,hat;“literature”isthegeneralwordwhichnamesaclassofmorespecificwritingsuchasdrama,fiction,poetry,biography.

Thefollowingthreepointsmayguideyouinthechoiceofthesewords:

First,generalandspecificwordsshouldnotbeconfusedwithabstractandconcretewords.Ageneralwordisnotnecessarilyanabstractword;aconcretewordisnotnecessarilyaspecificword.Forinstance,theword“vehicle”isageneralwordbecauseitdenotesaclassofthingssuchasbus,car,carriage,cart,bicycle,butitisbynomeansabstract.“Flower”isaconcreteword,becausewecansee,touch,andsmellit,butitisnotaspecificword,becauseitdenotesaclassofplantssuchasrose,tulip,cherry,orchid,chrysanthemum.

　Second,theterms“general”and“specific”areonlyrelative.Awordmaybespecificbycontrastswithoneword,yetgeneralbycontrastswithanother.Forinstance,thenoun“chair”isspecificcomparedwithfurniture,becauseitisakindoffurniture,butitisgeneralwhencomparedwith“armchair”,becausearmchairisakindofchair;theverb“walk”isspecificincomparisonwith“move”,becausewalkingisakindofmoving,butitisgeneralincomparisonwith“stride”,whichiskindofwalking.

Third,concreteandspecificwordsareclearandprecise.Theycallforthclearmentalimages,andaregenerallymoreeffectivethanabstractandgeneralwords.Abstractwordsarenoteasytouseproperly;theyoftencauseconfusionandcontroversy.Forinstance,theword“democracy”meansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Sodo“freedom”,“patriotism”,andmanyotherwords.Generalwordsareoftenweakandvague.Forinstance,inthesentence:

▲Iturnedupalumpofsoilwithmytool,andplaceditintothebasket.

Thenoun“tool”andthe“place”areratherweakandvague.Ifwesubstitute“spade”for“tool”and“fling”for“place”:

▲Iturnedupalumpofsoilwithmyspadeandflungitintothebasket.

Thesentencebecomesmoreforcefulandvivid.

Moreexamples:

●Wemovedfromtheloghousetothetown.

Wewalkedfromtheloghousetothetown.（clear,definite）

Welimped（stumbled）fromtheloghousetothetown.（moreclearanddefinite）

●Thereiswindtoday.（Itgivesnospecificsense.）

Thereisacold（cool）windtoday.（differentadjectivesmaymakedifferentfeelings.）

●writer-----（bothconcreteandgeneral）

Novelist,playwright,newspapercolumnist（moreclearanddefinite）

Statements,too,canberelativelygeneralorspecific,dependingonhowbroadlyornarrowlytheycanbeapplied.Comparethefollowingsentencesfortheirrelativegenerality:

●Collegesarerespectedintheworld.

（Verybroad;appliestoallcollegeseverywhere.）

●TheUniversityofUtahisagoodcollege.

（Lessbroadbecauseitappliestoonlyonecollege,buttherearemanywaystobe“good”.）

●TheUniversityofUtahhasafinemedicalschool.

（Morespecific;thisestablishesonewayinwhichthecollegesexcels.）

●Becauseitsphysician-teachershavepioneeredinhearttransplanttechnology,theUniversityofUtahhasareputationforleadershipinmedicalresearch.

（Morespecific;thispointsoutonespecialwayinwhichthecollegeexcels.Italsosupportstheideathatitisagoodcollege.）

Conciseness

Avoidusingmorewordsthanarenecessaryfortheadequateexpressionofyourthought.

Wordiness（redundancy）

Itsimplymeanstheuseofmorewordsthanyouneedinaparticularsituation.

Toachieveconciseness,youmustaskwhethereverywordyouwriteisdoingitswork,carryingitsproperloadofmeaning,andhelpingitsneighborswiththeirloads.

Studythefollowingsetsofsentences.Doyouseewhatismeantbyconciseness?

A）Wheneveranyonecalledforsomeonetohelphimdosomecertainthing,Jimwasalwaysthefirsttovolunteerandlendhishelp.

B）Wheneveranyonecalledforhelp,Jimwasalwaysthefirsttovolunteer.

A）Thisspiritofcooperationisessentialandnecessaryforanyonetohaveinordertogetalongwithotherpeople,andthisisaqualitythatJimhad.

B）Jimhadthespiritofcooperationwhichisnecessaryifonewishestogetalongwithpeople.

A）Jimwasoneofthosepeopleofwhomtherearefewinthisworldlikehim.

B）TherearefewpeoplelikeJim.

A）LumberingisplacedintheuppertenindustriesintheUnitedStatesfromthestandpointofimportance.

B）LumberingisoneofthetenmostimportantindustriesintheUnitedStates.

Practice:

Rewritethefollowingsentences,subs