高级英语修辞手法.docx

高级英语修辞手法.docx

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高级英语修辞手法

高级英语修辞手法

高级英语》中的修辞手法（2019-06-1616:

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FiguresofSpeech

Figuresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnor-malwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningsofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.

Ineverydayspeechandwritingandinliteraturethechieffunc-tionsoffiguresofspeechareprobablytoembellish,toemphasizeortoclarify.Theyareusedtogivetoneoratmospheretodiscourse,toprovidevividexamples,tostimulatethoughtbystartlingthereaderorlistener,togivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoorna-ment.Figuresofspeechexistinalmostendlessvarietyandmanyarecloselyrelatedorintricatelyoverlap,hencenocompletelysatisfacto-rysystemofclassificationhaseverbeendevised.Thefollowingmaybeconsideredoneoftheserviceableclassificationsofthepresent

1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship.Thesearethemostimportant,interesting,andfrequentfiguresofspeech.

2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.Thechieffunctionoftheseistodrawattentiontoanidea.

3.Figuresofsound.

4.Verbalgamesandgymnastics.Someofthesearerareandminorfigures.1.

Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship

1）Simile:

afigurethatinvolvesanexpressedcomparison,almostalwaysintroducedbytheword"like"or"as".Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.a）Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcounty.（Proverb）

b）Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephant'sskin.（NancyHale）

c）Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.（JosephConrad）

2）Metaphor:

Thesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas"animpliedcompari-son,""asimilewithout'like'or'as'".Metaphoriscon-sideredbymanythemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestandthemostbeautiful.a）Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.

b）Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.

c）Snowclothestheground.

d）Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.Anoteofwarning:

Avoidmixingfiguresofspeech.

a）Thisisnotthetimetothrowupthesponge,whentheenemy,alreadyweakenedanddivided,areontheruntoanewdefensiveposition,（mixedmetaphor;amixtureofprize—ringandbattlefield）

b）ThereiseveryindicationthatNigeriawillbeatowerofstrengthandwillforgeahead,（mixedmetaphor;amixtureofafortressandaship）

3）Personification:

afigurethatendowsobjects,animals,ideas,orabstractionswithhumanform,character,orsen-sibility.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:

a）Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.

theblushingrose!

thethirstyground

b）Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.

thekettlesings;thewavesdanced

c）Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.

thesmilesofspring!

thewhisperofleaves

4）Metonymy:

thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.a）Thepenismightierthanthesword.（Hereyouhavetheinstrument（penorsword）asanameforthepeoplewieldingit.）

b）Grayhairsshouldberespected,（thesymbol（grayhair）asanameforthepersons（oldpeople）symbolized）c）Heistoofondofthebottle.（=Heistoofondofdrink-ing!

thecontainer（winebottle）asanameforthething（wine）contained）

d）IhaveneverreadLiBai.（thepoet（LiBai）asanameforthethingmade（poemswrittenbyLiBai））

5）Synecdoche:

commonly,thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole,asin"hands"for"menwhodomanuallabour","afleetof50sails"for"afleetof50ships".Butvariousothersuchsubstitutionsarealsoincludedintheterm.

a）Haveyouanycoppers?

（=Haveyouanymoney?

）（coppersstandforcoinsoflowvaluemadeofcopperorbronze（hereitisthenamingofthematerial（copper）forthethingmade（coin））

b）Heisapoorcreature,（thenamingofthegenusforthespecies）

c）HeistheNewtonofthiscentury,（thenamingofanindividualforaclass）

Note:

Synecdochecaneasilybemistakenformetonymy.

6）Antonomasia:

thetermforsomecommonfigurativeusesofnames

a）theuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname

hismajestyforakingorthenameoftheking

hishonorforajudgeorthenameofthejudge

theBossforthenameoftheemployer

b）theuseofapropernameinsteadofacommonnounaJudas（JudaswasoneofthetwelvedisciplesofJesusChristwhobetrayedJesus）foratraitoraQuisling（NorwegianfascistpoliticianwholedapuppetregimeduringtheGermanoccupationofNorway,laterex-ecutedfortreason）foratraitor.

c）HeisourGorky.Gorky,（famousRussianwriter）forafamouswriter.

Note:

cf.synecdoche.Thereisacertaindegreeofoverlap-pinghere.

7）Euphemism:

thesubstitutionofaninoffensiveexpressionforonethatmaybedisagreeable,asintheuseof"passawayorpasson"for"die","misinform"for"lie"in"thegentlemanismisinformed","remains"fora"corpse',"visitingthenecessary"for"goingtothetoilet",etc.

2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement

1）Hyperbole:

aconsciousexaggerationforthesakeofempha-sis,notintendedtobeunderstoodliterally.a）Thewaveranmountainhigh.

b）AmericalaughedwithMarkTwain.

c）Hisspeechbroughtthehousedown.

d）AlltheperfumesofArabiawillnotsweetenthislittlehand.

2）litotes:

aformofunderstatementwhichgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.

a）Thisinnosmallaccomplishment.（Itmeansthisisanaccomplishmentofconsiderablemagnitude.）

b）TheGermanfleetwasnotanunworthyopponent.（ItmeanstheGermanfleetwasaformidableopponent.）c）Thisisnotatallunpleasant.（Itmeansitisquitepleasant.）

3）Antithesis:

thesettingofcontrastingphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.Intrueantithesisthe

a）ThequestforrighteousnessisOriental,thequestforknowledge,Occidental.（SirWilliamOsier）

b）Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.（MarkTwain）

c）Afriendexaggeratesaman'svirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.

d）Theconventionboughttime!

itcouldnotbringsettle-ment.

e）Itsfailuresbecameapartofhistorybutitssuccessesheldthecluetoabetterinternationalorder.

4）Paradox:

astatementthatappearstobelogicallycon-tradictoryandyetmaybetrue,thepurposeofwhichistoprovokefreshthought.

a）Oneman'sterroristisanotherman'sfreedomfighter.

b）Aloverofpeaceemergedasamagnificentleaderofwar.

c）Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose.（EmilyDickinson）（meaningtwotrulyeventfulthingsoccurredinherlifebeforethatlifeceased）

5）Oxymoron:

akindofparadoxorantithesisthatlinksto-gethertwosharplycontrastingterms,as"cheerfulpes-simist","thewisestfoolinChristendom","livingdeaths","freezingfires","gloriousdefeat",etc.

6）Epigram:

ashort,pithystatementinverseorprose,usuallywithatouchofwit,oftenantithetical

a）Conscienceistheinnervoicethatwarnsusthatsome-onemaybelooking.（H.L.Mencken）b）Necessityisthemotherofinvention.

c）Thechildisfatheroftheman.（Wordsworth）

（theintendedmeaningisthattheactionsofaboyin-dicatewhatkindofamanheislikelytobecome）

d）Experienceisthenameeveryonegivestohismistakes.

Note:

Theremaybesomeoverlappingofanepigramandaparadox.

7）Apostroph:

theturningawayfromthesubjectandtheaddressingofanabsentpersonorapersonifiedobjectorabstraction.Theshiftisbothemotionalanddignified,thereforemostappropriateinseriousandstatelycontexts.a）"YouHeavens,givemethatpatience,patienceIneed!

"（Shakespeare,KingLear）

b）"Envy,besilentandattend!

"（Pope）

c）"Milton,thoushouldstbelivingatthishour'Eng-landhathneedofthee."（Wordsworth）

（Milton,famousEnglishrevolutionaryandpoet,whowrote"ParadiseLost.JohnMiltonlivedandwroteinthe17thcenturyandtheEnglishromanticpoet,WilliamWordsworthinthe18thand19thcen-turies.）

8）RhetoricalQuestion:

aquestionneitherrequiringnorin-tendedtoproduceareplybutaskedforemphasis.Theassumptionisthatonlyoneanswerispossible.

a）WasInotatthesceneofthecrime?

（Lesson2）

b）OWind

IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

（Shelley:

OdetotheWestWind.）

9）Irony:

theexpressionofactualintentinwordsthatcar-rytheoppositemeaning.Itisaneffectiveliterarydevicebecauseitgivestheimpressionofgreatrestraint.

a）...untilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcentury（Lesson10）

b）Hewasmyfriend,faithfulandjusttome:

ButBrutussayshewasambitious!

AndBrutusisanhonourableman.

（Shakespeare:

JuliusCaesar）

（Antonyhereissayingjusttheopposite.HemeansthatBrutusisnothonourable,heisamurderer.）

10）Sarcasm:

acuttingremark,averbalsneer.Sarcasmpretendstodisguiseitsmeaning,butdoesnotintendtobemisunderstood.

a）"Oh,you'rereallyagreatfriend,aren'tyou?

"（addressedtoonewhowon'tlendthespeaker5Yuan）

c）Where'sy'goforit,man—Jamaica?

（Lesson16）（Hopkins'scuttingremarktoMcNair,thecustodian,fornotbeingquickenoughwiththerum.JamaicaisanislandintheCaribbean,worldfamousforitsrum.）

11）Satire:

Itgenerallyreferstoapieceofliterarywork—prose,poetryordrama—andgenerallynottoasinglesentence.Itusesridiculetoexposeandtojudgebe-haviourorideasthatthesatiristfindsfoolish,orwicked,orboth;Swift's"AModestPropos