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教学课件

专题十四　科普知识类阅读+完形填空+短文改错

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

（2018吉林长春二模）

Sleeprepairsthebodyandthemindandhelpspreventdiseasebystrengtheningtheimmunesystem.However,manyadultsdonotgeteighthoursofsleepeachnight.Theaveragesleeptimeanadulttodaygetsisonly6.4hours.Onlyinrecentyearshavehealthprofessionalsbeguntorealizetheseriousnessofsleepdeprivationintheworkingpopulation.Asignificantnumberofpeopleworkatnight,worklonghours,orsufferfromsleeplessnessorjetlag.

Studiesshowthatthebrainisnegativelyaffectedbysleepdeprivationbecausecertainpatternsofelectricalandchemicalactivitythatoccurduringsleepareinterruptedandthebraincannotfunctionnormally.Inonestudy,thirteenhealthyadultsubjects（实验对象）whousuallyhadnormalsleeppatternswerekeptawakeandcarefullymonitoredinalabduringaperiodof35hours.Duringtheexperiment,thesubjectswereaskedtoperformseveraltasks,suchasmathematicsandwordproblems,whileundergoingscansoftheirbrainactivity.Theresearchersfoundthatthetemporallobe（颞叶）ofthebrain,theregioninvolvedinlanguageprocessing,wasactiveduringspeechtasksinrestedsubjectsbutnotinsubjectswholackedenoughsleep.Afterseveralhourswithoutsleep,therewasnoactivitywithinthisregion.

Severalstudiesshowthatgettingfewerthansixhoursofsleepcandamageshort-termmemoryandreactiontime—thuscausingaseriousriskofaccident.Inonestudyofdrivers,researchersreportedthatsleepdeprivationhadthesameeffectsasbeingdrunk.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhodroveafterbeingawakefor17hoursperformedworsethanthosewithabloodalcohollevelof0.5percent,thelegallimitfordrunkdrivinginmostwesternEuropeancountries.Theresearchersconcludedthatcountrieswithdrunkdrivinglawsshouldconsidersimilarrestrictionsagainstsleep-depriveddriving.

【语篇解读】本文介绍缺少睡眠给人带来的影响。

研究表明睡眠剥夺对大脑活动有不利的影响,它和醉酒有同样的危险性。

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“deprivation”inthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Weakness.B.Loss.

C.Discomfort.D.Pain.

答案B

解析词义猜测题。

根据第一段中“Onlyinrecentyearshavehealthprofessionalsbeguntorealizetheseriousnessofsleepdeprivationintheworkingpopulation.”的关键词seriousness“严重”,可知是缺觉带来的严重性。

画线词的意思是“缺少,损失”,故选B项。

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingascausesofsleepdeprivationEXCEPT　　　. 

A.jetlagB.longworkhours

C.boringworkD.workingatnight

答案C

解析细节理解题。

根据第一段最后一句“Asignificantnumberofpeopleworkatnight,worklonghours,orsufferfromsleeplessnessorjetlag.”可知,句中提到了A、B、D三项,故选C项。

3.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodeterminebythestudydescribedinParagraph2?

A.Howmanyhourspeoplecansurvivewithoutsleep.

B.Howpeoplereactwhentheirsleepisinterrupted.

C.Thechangesinbrainactivitythatoccursduringsleep.

D.Theeffectsofsleepdeprivationonbrainactivity.

答案D

解析细节理解题。

根据第二段第一句“Studiesshowthatthebrainisnegativelyaffectedbysleepdeprivationbecausecertainpatternsofelectricalandchemicalactivitythatoccurduringsleepareinterruptedandthebraincannotfunctionnormally.”可知,研究目的是确定睡眠剥夺对大脑活动的影响。

故选D项。

4.WhydoestheauthormentionbloodalcohollevelinParagraph3?

A.Toshowhowsleepdeprivationreducesthebloodalcohollevel.

B.Toshowthatsleepdeprivationhasthesamedangerouseffectsasbeingdrunk.

C.Tosuggestthatsleep-depriveddriversarealsolikelytodrink.

D.Toargueagainstraisingthelegallimitfordrunkdriving.

答案B

解析推理判断题。

根据最后一段中“Severalstudiesshowthatgettingfewerthansixhoursofsleepcandamageshort-termmemoryandreactiontime—thuscausingaseriousriskofaccident.Inonestudyofdrivers,researchersreportedthatsleepdeprivationhadthesameeffectsasbeingdrunk.”可知,作者提到血醇水平是为了表明睡眠剥夺和醉酒有同样的危险性。

故选B项。

B

（2018广西钦州三模）

Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.Theyareconcernedthatmachines,includingrobots,willtakeoverworknowdonebyhumans.ThesefindingscomefromanewreportbythePewResearchCenterofWashingtonD.C.

About75percentofAmericansquestionedbyPewsayautomationwillincreaseincomeinequalitybetweentherichandthemiddleclassandthepoor.And64percentofpeopleexpectautomationtobesocommoninAmericathatpeoplewillfacedifficultyfindingthingstodowiththeirlives.

Someoftheconcernsabouttechnologycomefromadistrustaboutwhethermachineswillalwaysmaketherightdecision.ManyAmericansbelievehumanshavebetterjudgmentindealingwithcomplexmatters.Oneexampleisselectingapersonforajob.ThreequartersofAmericanssaytheywillnotwanttoapplyforajobthatusesacomputerprogramtochoosethemostqualifiedperson.

MostAmericanswantthegovernmenttolimitautomation,forexample,87percentsupportarequirementthatalldriverlessvehicleshaveahumaninthedriver’sseatwhocantakecontrolwhenneeded.And85percentwanttolimitmachinestomostlydoingjobsthataredangerousorunhealthyforhumans.Andonly25percentexpectmorejobstocomefromautomation.

MarkZuckerberg,theco-founderofFacebook,spokelastMaytograduatingseniorsfromHarvardUniversityinMassachusetts.Histalkcenteredontheuncertainfuturefacingyoungpeople.“Ourgenerationwillhavetodealwithtensofmillionsofjobsreplacedbyautomationlikeself-drivingcarsandtrucks,”Zuckerbergtoldthegraduates.Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplewouldhavetofindprojectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld.Hesaidinhisspeechthat300,000peopleworkedtoputamanonthemoon,andmillionsofpeoplebuilttheHooverDamaswellasothergreatprojectsoverthelast100years.

【语篇解读】文章介绍了美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张政府限制机器人的社会现象。

5.WhatdoAmericansthinkoftechnology?

A.Useful.B.Effective.

C.Dangerous.D.Undependable.

答案D

解析推理判断题。

根据第一段中“Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.”,第二段中“About75percentofAmericansquestionedbyPewsay...andthepoor.”,第三段中“Someoftheconcernsabouttechnologycomefromadistrustaboutwhethermachineswillalwaysmaketherightdecision.”和第四段中“MostAmericanswantthegovernmenttolimitautomation...”等信息可知美国人对科技的态度,他们担心新技术带来的变化,认为自动化将增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张限制自动化。

由以上观点可以看出美国人认为科技是不可信赖的,故选D项。

6.WhichofthefollowingdothemajorityofAmericanswantthegovernmenttodo?

A.Usemachinestododangerousandharmfuljobs.

B.Increasejobchancesbyintroducingmachines.

C.Selectapersonforajobbythecomputer.

D.Getridofalldriverlessvehicles.

答案A

解析细节理解题。

根据第四段中“And85percentwanttolimitmachinestomostlydoingjobsthataredangerousorunhealthyforhumans.”可知多数美国人希望政府让机器人从事一些危险或对人类不健康的工作,故选A项。

7.WhatdidZuckerbergencouragethestudentstodo?

A.Refuseself-drivingvehicles.B.Createnewjobchances.

C.Considerlargeprojects.D.Fightagainstrobots.

答案B

解析推理判断题。

根据最后一段中“Histalkcenteredontheuncertainfuturefacingyoungpeople.‘Ourgenerationwillhavetodealwithtensofmillionsofjobsreplacedbyautomationlikeself-drivingcarsandtrucks,’”和“Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplewouldhavetofindprojectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld.”可知Zuckerberg认为年轻人必须面对许多工作自动化的现实,寻找能给世界人民带来工作和直接利益的项目。

故选B项。

8.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.NewTechnologyCreatesMoreJobs

B.NewTechnologyMakesNewUnfairness

C.AmericansWorryRobotsWillTakeJobs

D.RobotsMakeWorkEasytoDoforWorkers

答案C

解析主旨大意题。

根据第一段“Americansareworriedaboutnewtechnology.Theyareconcernedthatmachines,includingrobots,willtakeoverworknowdonebyhumans.”和下面每段中心句可知美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距。

AmericansWorryRobotsWillTakeJobs概括了全文内容,适合作为文章标题。

故选C项。

C

（2018安徽马鞍山二模）

Lastweek,twocompanies,KittyHawkandUber,announcedtheirplanstobringflyingcarstorealityverysoon.

KittyHawkpresident,SebastianThrun,announcedKittyHawk’sflyingcarplanslastMonday.Accordingtoitswebsite,thecariselectric-poweredandwillbeabletotravelataspeedupto40kilometersanhour.Itsayssuchamachine“doesnotrequireregistrationorapilot’slicenseandmaybeflowninuncrowdedareasforrecreationalpurposes.”Asofnow,thecarcanonlybeflownoverfreshwater.

KittyHawkismakingalistofpeopleinterestedinbuyingtheflyingcar.Theymustpayadepositof$100.Thosewhogettheirnamesonthelistearlywillreceive$2,000offthefinalcostofthecar.However,KittyHawkhasnotyetannouncedtheprice.Itsfirstflyingcarsareexpectedtogoonsalebytheendofthisyear.

UnliketheKittyHawkcompany,Uberdoesnotplantobuilditsflyingcars.UberexpectstolaunchflyingtaxisinDallas-Ft.Worth,Texas,USby2020.LiketheKittyHawkcar,Uberflyingtaxiswilluseelectricpower.Ubersaysitsflyingtaxiscouldtravelupto241kilometersanhour.ThecompanysaysthatcouldreducethetraveltimebetweenSanFranciscoandSanJose,Californiafrom2hoursontheroadto15minutesintheair.

RiderscouldusetheUberapptobookaflyingtaxitotakethemtotheirdestinations.Thecompanyhasnotyetsaidhowcostlyairtaxitravelwouldbecomparedtoroadtaxitravel.

Soonerthanyouthink,flyingcarsmayappearinthesky.Muchconvenienceastheywillbring,justimaginehavingtoavoidotherflyingcars.Also,whatifyourbatterydieswhenyouareintheair?

And,howwillyouknowwheretoland?

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

上周,KittyHawk和Uber两家公司宣布他们很快就会使飞行汽车成为现实。

文章具体介绍了两家公司研制的飞行汽车的一些特点。

9.WhatmayKittyHawk’sflyingcarbeusedforatpresent?

A.Acceleratingthespeed.B.Havingfun.

C.Advertisingthecompany.D.Fetchingwater.

答案B

解析细节理解题。

由第二段中的“Itsayssuchamachine‘...maybeflowninuncrowdedareasforrecreationalpurposes.’”可知,目前,该飞行汽车主要用于消遣娱乐。

故B项正确。

10.WhatdoweknowaboutKittyHawk’sflyingcarfromthethirdparagraph?

A.Itcoststwot