测绘工程专业英语复习资料.docx

测绘工程专业英语复习资料.docx

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测绘工程专业英语复习资料

Unit1WhatisGeomatics?

Geomatics:

WheredoesthewordGeomaticscomefrom?

GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICSorGEO-forearthand-MATICSformathematicalorGEO-forGeoscienceand-MATICSforinformatics.Nowthetermincludesthetraditionalsurveyingdefinitionalongwithsurveyingsteadilyincreasedimportancewiththedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandthegrowingdemandforavarietyofspatiallyrelatedtypesofinformation,particularlyinmeasuringandmonitoringourenvironment.Geomaticsbridgeswidearcsfromthegeosciencesthroughvariousengineeringsciencesandcomputersciencestospatialplanning,landdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalsciences.

ISO:

theInternationalStandardsOrganization（ISO）

surveyor:

Theterm“surveyor”istraditionallyusedtocollectivelydescribethoseengagedintheaboveactivities.

Unit2GeodeticSurveyingandPlaneSurveying

GeodeticSurveying:

Thetypeofsurveyingthattakesintoaccountthetrueshapeoftheearthiscalledgeodeticsurveying.Thistypeofsurveyissuitedforlargeareasandlonglinesandisusedtofindthepreciselocationofbasicpointsneededforestablishingcontrolforothersurveys.

Ingeodeticsurveys,thestationsarenormallylongdistancesapart,andmorepreciseinstrumentsandsurveyingmethodsarerequiredforthistypeofsurveyingthanforplanesurveying.

Geodeticcontrolsurveypoints:

Widelyspaced,permanentmonumentsserveasthebasisforcomputinglengthsanddistancesbetweenrelativepositions.Thesebasicpointswithpermanentmonumentsarecalledgeodeticcontrolsurveypoints,whichsupporttheproductionofconsistentandcompatibledataforsurveyingandmappingprojects.

PlaneSurveying:

Thetypeofsurveyinginwhichthemeansurfaceoftheearthisconsideredaplane,orinwhichthecurvatureoftheearthcanbedisregardedwithoutsignificanterror,generallyiscalledplanesurveying.

Thetermisusedtodesignatesurveyworkinwhichthedistances

orareasinvolvedareoflimitedextent.

thecurvatureoftheearthmustbetakenintoconsiderationonlyinprecise

surveysoflargeareas.

Surveysforthelocationandconstructionofhighways,railroads,canals,andingeneral,thesurveysnecessaryfortheworksofhumanbeingsareplanesurveys,asarethesurveysmadetoestablishboundaries,exceptstateandnational.

Thereisclosecooperationbetweengeodeticsurveyingandplanesurveying.Thegeodeticsurveyadoptstheparametersdeterminedbymeasurementsoftheearth,anditsownresultsareavailabletothosewhomeasuretheearth.Theplanesurveys,inturn,aregenerallytiedtothecontrolpointsofthegeodeticsurveysandserveparticularlyinthedevelopmentofnationalmapseriesandintheformationofrealestatecadastres.

Unit3DistanceMeasurement

ElectronicDistanceMeasurement（EDM）:

EDMinstrumentsrefertothedistancemeasurementequipmentsusinglightandradiowaves.Bothlightwavesandradiowavesareelectromagnetic.TheadventofEDMinstrumenthascompletelyrevolutionizedallsurveyingprocedures,resultinginachangeofemphasisandtechniques.

优点：

Distancecannowbemeasuredeasily,quicklyandwithgreataccuracy,regardlessofterrainconditions.

分类：

TheEDMinstrumentsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothetypeandwavelengthoftheelectromagneticenergygeneratedoraccordingtotheiroperationalrange.EDMinstrumentsusethreedifferentwavelengthbands:

（1）Microwavesystemswithrangeupto150km,wavelength3cm,notlimitedtolineofsightandunaffectedbyvisibility;

（2）Lightwavesystemswithrangeupto5km（forsmallmachines）,visiblelight,lasersanddistancereducedbyvisibility;（3）Infraredsystemswithrangeupto3km,limitedtolineofsightandlimitedbyrain,fog,otherairborneparticles.

两种方法：

Therearebasicallytwomethodsofmeasurementemployedwhichmaydividetheinstrumentsintotwoclassificationaselectro-optical（lightwaves）andmicrowaves（radiowaves）instruments.Thesetwobasicmethodsarenamelythepulsemethodandmorepopularphasedifferentmethod.Theyfunctionbysendinglightwavesormicrowavesalongthepathtobemeasuredandmeasuringthetimedifferencesbetweentransmittedandreceivedsignals,orinmeasuringthephasedifferencesbetweentransmittedandreceivedsignalsinreturningthereflectinglightwavetosource.

Unit4AngleandDirectionMeasurement

Averticalline:

Averticallineatanypointontheearth’ssurfaceisthelinethatfollowsthedirectionofgravityatthatpoint.Itisthedirectionthatastringwillassumeifaweightisattachedatthatpointandthestringissuspendedfreelyatthepoint.Atagivenpointthereisonlyoneverticalline.

Ahorizontalline:

Ahorizontallineatapointisanylinethatisperpendiculartotheverticallineatthepoint.Atanypointthereareanunlimitednumberofhorizontallines.

Ahorizontalplane:

Ahorizontalplaneatapointistheplanethatisperpendiculartotheverticallineatthepoint.Thereisonlyonehorizontalplanethroughagivenpoint.

Averticalplane:

Averticalplaneatapointisanyplanethatcontainstheverticallineatthepoint.Thereareanunlimitednumberofverticalplanesatagivenpoint.

Ahorizontalangle:

Ahorizontalangleistheangleformedinahorizontalplanebytwointersectingverticalplanes,orahorizontalanglebetweentwolinesistheanglebetweentheprojectionsofthelinesontoahorizontalplane.

Averticalangle:

Averticalangleisananglemeasuredinaverticalplanewhichisreferencedtoahorizontallinebyplus（up）orminus（down）angles,ortoaverticallinefromthezenithdirection.

Zenith:

Zenithisthetermdescribingpointsonacelestialspherethatisasphereofinfinitelylargeradiuswithitscenteratthecenteroftheearth.

Azimuth:

Azimuthisthehorizontalanglemeasuredinaclockwisedirectionfromtheplaneofthemeridian,whichisalineonthemeansurfaceoftheearthjoiningthenorthandsouthpoles.

Bearing:

Bearingisthetraditionalwayofstatingtheorientationoftheline.Itisactuallytheanglemeasuredfromthenorthorsouth.

Unit5Traversing

Traversing:

Asurveytraverseisasequenceoflengthsanddirectionsoflinesbetweenpointsontheearth,obtainedbyorfromfieldangleanddistancemeasurementsandusedindeterminingpositionsofthepoints.Ingeneral,atraverseisalwaysclassifiedaseitheranopentraverseoraclosedtraverse.

Anopentraverse:

Anopentraverseoriginateseitheratapointofknownhorizontalpositionwithrespecttoahorizontaldatumoratanassumedhorizontalposition,andterminatesatastationwhoserelativepositionisnotpreviouslyknown.

Aclosedtraverse:

Aclosedtraversecanbedescribedinanyoneofthefollowingtwoways:

（1）Aclosedlooptraverse,asthenameimplies,formsacontinuousloop,enclosinganarea.Thistypeofclosedtraversestartsatassumedhorizontalpositionorataknownhorizontalpositionwithrespecttoahorizontaldatumandendsatthesamepoint.

比较：

Theopentraverseprovidesnocheckagainstmistakesandlargeerrorsforitsterminationatanunknownhorizontalpositionandlackofgeometricclosure.Thislackofgeometricclosuremeansthatthereisnogeometricverificationpossiblewithrespecttotheactualpositioningofthetraversestations.Thus,themeasuringtechniquemustberefinedtoprovideforfieldverification.Ataminimum,distancesaremeasuredtwiceandanglesaredoubled.Opentraversesareoftenusedforpreliminarysurveyforaroadorrailroad.

Closedtraverses,whethertheyreturntothestartingpointornot,providechecksonthemeasuredanglesanddistances.Inbothcases,theanglescanbeclosedgeometrically,andthepositionclosurecanbedeterminedmathematically.Thereforetheyaremoredesirableandusedextensivelyincontrol,construction,property,andtopographicsurveys.

angularclosure:

Thedifferencebetweenthegeometricsumandactualfieldsumoftheinterioranglesiscalledangularclosure.

latitude:

Bydefinition,latitudehereisthenorth/southrectangularcomponentofali

neanddepartureistheeast/westrectangularcomponentofaline.

Unit6MethodsofElevationDetermination

Elevation:

Anelevationisaverticaldistanceaboveorbelowareferencedatum.

MSL:

meanseallevel（MSL）.MSLisassignedaverticalvalue（elevation）of0.000ftor0.000m.

Directorspiritleveling:

Directorspiritleveling,bymeasuringverticaldistancesdirectly.Directlevelingismostprecisemethodofdeterminingelevationsandtheonecommonlyused.

Indirectortrigonometricleveling:

Indirectortrigonometricleveling,bymeasuringverticalanglesandhorizontalorslopedistances.

BS:

aiscalledBacksight（BS）whichisarodreadingtakenonapointofknownelevationinordertoestablishtheelevationoftheinstrumentlineofsight.

FS:

biscalledForesight（FS）whichisarodreadingtakenonaturningpoint,benchmark,ortemporarybenchmarkinordertodetermineitselevation.

比较：

SpiritLeveling:

Themostprecisemethodofdeterminingelevationsandmostcommonlyusedmethod.Trigonometriclevelingisusedwheredifficultterrain,suchasmountainousareas,precludestheuseofconventionaldifferentialleveling.

Theimportantnotesshouldbementionedhereisthatsurveyorsusedtoworkingwithspiritlevelshavereferencedorthometricheights（H）tothe“average”surfaceoftheearth,asdepictedbyMSL.However,theelevationcoordinate（h）givenbyGPSsolutionsreferstotheheightfromthesurfaceoftheellipsoidtothegroundstation.

Unit7RoboticTotalStation

TotalS