高中英语 Unit8 动词与动词短语 I语法考点超级归纳素材.docx
《高中英语 Unit8 动词与动词短语 I语法考点超级归纳素材.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高中英语 Unit8 动词与动词短语 I语法考点超级归纳素材.docx(27页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
高中英语Unit8动词与动词短语I语法考点超级归纳素材
Unit8动词与动词短语I语法考点超级归纳
考点一:
动词的基本形式
动词(Verbs)是最复杂的一种词类。
它既可表示动作,又可表示状态;它有人称和数的变化,而且必须与主语的人称和数保持一致;它还有一些特有的语法特征,如时态(Tenses)、语态(Voices)和语气(Mood)。
动词可分为及物动词(TransitiveVerbs)、不及物动词(IntransitiveVerbs)、系动词(LinkingVerbs)、助动词(AuxiliaryVerbs)、情态动词(ModalVerbs)等。
英语动词有五种基本形式:
动词原形(VerbStem)、一般现在时第三人称单数形式(ThirdPersonSingularPresentTenseForm)、过去式(PastTenseForm)、过去分词(PastParticiples)和现在分词(PresentParticiples)。
这五种形式与助动词一起构成动词的各种时态、语态和语气。
其中后四种形式都是在动词原形的基础上变化而来的,具体规则见下表:
1.一般现在时第三人称单数形式的构成
情况
例词
一般在动词原形后加-s
help—helps,read—reads,get—gets
以s,x,o,ch,sh结尾的词后加-es
pass—passes,mix—mixes,go—goes,watch—watches,finish—finishes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i,再加-es
fly—flies,study—studies,try—tries
2.过去式和过去分词的构成
情况
例词
一般在动词原形后加-ed
work—worked,call—called,want—wanted
以-e结尾的词后加-d
like—liked,change—changed,decide—decided
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i,再加-ed
cry—cried,copy—copied,study—studied
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,须双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ed
stop—stopped,permit—permitted,prefer—preferred
注:
①动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种,不规则动词的过去式和过去分词需要逐个牢记,“不规则动词表”附后。
②-ed的读音规则:
在清辅音后读/t/,如worked,liked;在元音和浊辅音后读/d/,如followed,called,obeyed;在辅音t,d后读/id/,如wanted,decided。
③以“一个元音+l”结尾的动词,英国英语双写l,美国英语不双写,例如:
travel→travelled(英),traveled(美);quarrel→quarrelled(英),quarreled(美)。
若l前有两个元音,则英美都不双写l,例如:
appeal→appealed。
3.现在分词的构成
情况
例词
一般在动词原形后直接加-ing
go—going,study—studying,teach—teaching
以不发音的-e结尾的词,去e加-ing
live—living,move—moving,come—coming
以-ie结尾的词,把-ie变为y,再加-ing
die—dying,lie—lying,tie—tying
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,须双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ing
plan—planning,begin—beginning,refer—referring
不规则动词表
(1)A-A-A型
bet打赌
bet/betted
bet/betted
bid喊价
bid
bid
broadcast广播
broadcast/broadcasted
broadcast/broadcasted
burst爆裂
burst
burst
cast掷
cast
cast
cost花费
cost
cost
cut切
cut
cut
forecast预报
forecast/forecasted
forecast/forecasted
hit击打
hit
hit
hurt伤害
hurt
hurt
let让
let
let
put放
put
put
quit退出
quitted/quit
quitted/quit
read阅读
read
read
set安装
set
set
shed流出
shed
shed
shut关闭
shut
shut
slit切开
slit
slit
split劈开
split
split
spread传播
spread
spread
thrust插
thrust
thrust
upset打翻
upset
upset
(2)A-A-B型
beat敲打
beat
beaten
(3)A-B-B型
bend使弯曲
bent
bent
bind捆
bound
bound
bleed流血
bled
bled
bless保佑
blest/blessed
blest/blessed
bring带来
brought
brought
build建造
built
built
burn烧
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
buy买
bought
bought
catch抓住
caught
caught
dream做梦
dreamt(英)
dreamed(美)
dreamt(英)
dreamed(美)
dare敢
dared
dared
deal处理
dealt
dealt
dig挖
dug
dug
dive跳水
dived/dove
dived
feed喂
fed
fed
feel感觉
felt
felt
fight战斗
fought
fought
find找到
found
found
flee逃跑
fled
fled
get获得
got
got/gotten(美)
grind磨碎
ground
ground
have(has)有
had
had
hang悬挂
hung
hung
hear听见
heard
heard
hold举行
held
held
keep保持
kept
kept
kneel跪下
knelt
knelt
lay放置
laid
laid
lead领导
led
led
lean倚靠
leant(英)
leaned(美)
leant(英)
leaned(美)
learn学习
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
leap跳跃
leapt(英)
leaped(美)
leapt(英)
leaped(美)
leave离开
left
left
lend借出
lent
lent
light点燃
lit
lighted
lit
lighted(作定语时较多)
lose失去
lost
lost
make制造
made
made
mean意思是
meant
meant
meet遇见
met
met
melt融化
melted
melted/molten
mislead误导
misled
misled
misunderstand误解
misunderstood
misunderstood
pa
y支付
paid
paid
rebuild重建
rebuilt
rebuilt
retell复述
retold
retold
rewind倒带
rewound
rewound
rid去除
rid/ridded
rid/ridded
say说
said
said
seek寻求
sought
sought
sell卖
sold
sold
send发送
sent
sent
sit坐
sat
sat
shine照耀
shone/shined
shone/shined
shoot射击
shot
shot
sleep睡觉
slept
slept
slide滑行
slid
slid/slidden
smell闻
smelt/smelled
smelt/smelled
speed加速
sped/speeded
sped/speeded
spell拼写
spelt/spelled
spelt/spelled
spend度过
spent
spent
spill溢出
spilt/spilled
spilt/spilled
spin旋转
spun
spun
spit吐
spat/spit
spat/spit
spoil损坏
spoilt/spoiled
spoilt/spoiled
stand站立
stood
stood
stick粘贴
stuck
stuck
sting叮咬
stung
stung
strike打
struck
struck
stricken(仅作定语或表语)
sweep打扫
swept
swept
swing摇摆
swung
swung
teach教
taught
taught
tear撕
torn
torn
tell告诉
told
told
think想
thought
thought
understand理解
understood
understood
weep哭泣
wept
wept
wet弄湿
wetted/wet
wetted/wet
win赢
won
won
wind缠绕
wound
wound
withstand经受住
withstood
withstood
(4)A-B-A型
become变成
became
become
come来
came
come
overcome克服
overcame
overcome
run跑
ran
run
(5)A-B-C型
arise起来
arose
arisen
awake唤醒
awoke/awaked
awoken/awaked
be(am/is/are)是
was/were
been
bear生
bore
borne/born(用于被动语态)
bear承担
bore
borne
begin开始
began
begun
bid向…道别
bade/bid
bidden/bid
bite咬
bit
bitten
blow吹
blew
blown
break打破
broke
broken
choose选择
chose
chosen
do做
did
done
draw画画
drew
drawn
drink喝
drank
drunk
drive驾驶
drove
driven
eat吃
ate
eaten
fall落下
fell
fallen
fly飞
flew
flown
forbid禁止
forbade/forbad
forbidden/forbid
foresee预见
foresaw
foreseen
forget忘记
forgot
forgotten/forgot
forgive原谅
forgav
e
forgiven
freeze结冰
froze
frozen
give给
gave
given
go去
went
gone
grow生长
grew
grown
hide隐藏
hid
hidden/hid
know知道
knew
known
lie躺;位于
lay
lain
mistake弄错
mistook
mistaken
overtake超过
overtook
overtaken
ride骑
rode
ridden
ring响
rang
rung
rise升起
rose
risen
run跑
ran
run
saw锯
sawed
sawn/sawed
see看见
saw
seen
sew缝
sewed
sewn/sewed
shake摇
shook
shaken
show展示
showed
shown/showed
shrink收缩
shrank
shrunk
shrunk
shrunken(作定语)
sing唱歌
sang
sung
sink下沉
sank
sunk
sunken(作定语)
sow播种
sowed
sown/sowed
speak说
spoke
spoken
spring弹跳
sprang
sprung
steal偷
stole
stolen
swear发誓
swore
sworn
swell膨胀
swelled
swollen/swelled
swim游泳
swam
swum
take拿
took
taken
throw扔
threw
thrown
undergo经历
underwent
undergone
undertake承担
undertook
undertaken
undo打开
undid
undone
wake醒来
woke/waked
woken/waked
wear穿
wore
worn
weave编织
wove
woven
withdraw收回
withdrew
withdrawn
write写
wrote
written
(6)其他
prove证明
proved
proved/proven
shave剃
shaved
shaved
shaven(主要用作定语)
考点二:
及物动词
及物动词后要有宾语,这类动词有很多,例如:
avoid,buy,catch,cut,describe,discuss,enjoy,exchange,expect,get,give,have,lack,love,make,need,protect,recommend,record,provide,risk,support,trust,upset,want,welcome等
类别
动词
例句
接双宾语的及物动词
give,teach,buy,lend,find,hand,leave,sell,show,read,pay,make,offer,pass,bring,cook
Shepassedhimthesalt.=Shepassedthesalttohim.她把盐递给了他。
Myparentsboughtmeacomputeryesterday.=Myparentsboughtacomputerformeyesterday.昨天,我父母亲给我买了一台电脑。
Mothercooksusbreakfasteveryday.母亲每天都为我们做早饭。
接复合宾语的及物动词
1.接名词作宾语补足语的动词 常见的有call,name,think,make等;
2.接形容词作宾语补足语的动词
常见的有make,keep,think,find等;
3.动词不定式作宾语补足语时
通常分为下面三种情况:
1)接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell,want,ask,wish,teach等;
2)接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有hear,see,watch,let,make等;
3)接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有help;
4.接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词
常见的有watch,see,hear,find,keep等。
5.接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词
常见的有find,keep,take等。
Wecallthemmooncakes.
我们把它们叫作月饼。
AtfirstIfoundEnglishhard.开始的时候,我发现英语很难。
Hekeptusalive.他使我们活了下来。
Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.我们发现废墟极其有趣。
Tellhimtocomeovernow.告诉他现在过来。
Hemadeuslaugh.
他使我们大笑。
Sheoftenhelpshermother(to)dosomehousework.
她经常帮母亲做家务活。
Weheardbirdssingingaswewalkedinthepark.我们在公园散步时听到鸟儿在歌唱。
Theboyfoundhispenunderthedesk.这个男孩在课桌底下找到了他的钢笔。
与名词搭配表示一次动作的及物动词
have,give,take,make
haveabath/achat/aconversation/adance/adream/adrink/alook/arest/asleep/asmoke/aswim/atalk/atry/awalk/awash;
anaccount/ananalysis/ananswer/acry/aglance/akiss/alecture/alook/apull/apush/asmile/asummary/support/atalk/awarning;
takeaction/abath/abreak/care/control/anexamination/alead/alift/alook/notes/arisk/place/power/pride/astep/atrip/trouble/turns/avacation/awalk;
makeanapology/arrangements/anattempt/achoice/comments/adecision/aneffort/anexamination/anexcuse/anexperiment/noise/preparations/progress/apromise/astudy
小贴士:
可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语:
如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,则该动词接的是复合宾语,否则就是双宾语。
考点三:
不及物动词
类别
动词
例句
不及物动词
(不需要接宾语)
ache,appear,belong,come,cough,crawl,cry,die,dine,disappear,exist,fall,flow,glide,go,happen,hesitate,kneel,laugh,lie,live,
pause,sigh,sit,smile,sneeze,swim,travel,weep,return
Willlookedaroundcarefully.
威尔仔细环顾四周。
Heturnedquicklyaway.
他迅速转过身去。
HediedinNewYorkCityin1971.
他于1971年在纽约逝世。
I’vejustreturnedfromAustralia.
我刚刚从澳大利亚回来。
接同源宾语的不及物动词
laugh,smile,sleep,die,dream,live
Idreamedastrangedreamlastnight.昨夜我做了一个奇怪的梦。
Wearelivingahappylifetoday.今天我过着幸福的生活。
LikeHuck,MarkTwainlivedanadventurouslife.像哈克一样,马克·吐温也曾有过冒险的生涯。
可与介词搭配组成短语动词的不及物动词(相当于及物动词)
pointto,listento,keepon,lookat,lookinto,runthrough,speakof,thinkabout,thinkof,referto,standfor,laughat
Ipointedtothewheel.我指着轮子。
IlistenedtomusicbeforeIcouldspeak!
在会说话前,我就开始听音乐。
Hekeptonsayingreallymeanthingstohurtme.他不断地说一些很刻薄的话来伤害我。
GeorgeandIlookedateachother,thensetoffafterh
er.乔治和我先面面相觑,随后就跟着她走了。
Threeriversrunthroughthecityandwhereveryougo,youhearthesoundofrushingwater.三股溪流穿过古城,不管游人走到哪里,都能听到潺潺的流水声。
注意:
1.容易混淆的不及物动词与及物动词
有些不及物动词与及物动词本义相同,但形式不同,很容易混淆,要特别注意。
例如:
(1)lie与lay
Yourbookislyingonthedesk.你的书在桌上。
Ilaidyourbookonthedesk.我把你的书放桌上了。
(2)rise与raise
Theteacher’svoicerose.老师的嗓音提高了。
Theteacherraisedhisvoice.老师抬高了嗓门。
(3)sit与seat
Pleasesit