全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx
《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.__1__thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly __2__toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat__3__bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan__4__innotbeingtooterrificallybright.
Intelligence,it__5__out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow__6__thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n)__7__process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento__8__.
Isthereanadaptivevalueto__9__intelligence?
That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance__10__atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal__11__ ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis__12__themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould__13__onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,__14__,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat__15__animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto__16__thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally__17__,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.__18__,theywouldhopetostudya __19__question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
__20__theresultsareinconclusive.
1.[A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine
2.[A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened
3.[A]thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer
4.[A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority
5.[A]insistson [B]sumsup [C]turnsout [D]putsforward
6.[A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along
7.[A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual
8.[A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think
9.[A]invisible [B]limited [C]indefinite [D]different
10.[A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward
11.[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs
12.[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across
13.[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply
14.[A]bychance [B]incontrast [C]asusual [D]forinstance
15.[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest
16.[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach
17.[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with
18.[A]Aboveall [B]Afterall [C]However [D]Otherwise
19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile
20.[A]Byaccident [B]Intime [C]Sofar [D]Betterstill
SectionII ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeimplication.
Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.
Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry-themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone-themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.
Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof TheOpenMind.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider’.”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseoverinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem–thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book Thisyearwill…andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing
A.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable
22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe
A.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided
23.Theword“ruts”(line1,paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto
A.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections
24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat
A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
B.innovativenesscouldbetaught
C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds
25.Ryan’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting
A.preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
B.nolongeremphasizescommonness
C.maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmode
D.complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forapaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubject
topeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s_____.
[A]easyavailability
[B]flexibilityinpricing
[C]successfulpromotion
[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTKisusedto_____.
[A]locateone’sbirthplace
[B]promotegeneticresearch
[C]identifyparent-childkinship
[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto_____.
[A]tracedistantancestors
[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines
[C]fullyusegeneticinformation
[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis_____.
[A]disorganizeddatacollection
[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding
[C]excessivesamplecomparison
[D]lackofpatentevaluation
30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe_____.
[A]ForsandAgainstofDNATesting
[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems
[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab
[D]LiesbehindDNAtesting
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.