办公自动化外文文献及译文 精品.docx

办公自动化外文文献及译文 精品.docx

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办公自动化外文文献及译文精品

中北大学信息商务学院

毕业论文

外文文献原文及译文

学生姓名：

林慧萍学号：

08060341X08

系别：

电子与计算机科学系

专业：

计算机科学与技术

指导教师：

郭铁成

2012年5月

OldandNewModelsforOfficeAutomation

ElliotCole

Theemerginggenerationofofficeautomationsystemscombinesnewandexistingsoftwareandprocedures.Whilemanagersmaybeabletoselectfromabroadarrayofsoftwaretools,theymayalsoberequiredtousecertainothers.Thisarticlediscussesorganizationdesignasthecontextforofficeautomation;maturecomputerbasedsystemsasoneapplicationoforganizationdesignvariables;andemergingofficeautomationsystemsasanotherapplicationofthosevariables.ThearticleconcludesthatManagementInformationSystemmodelsdevelopedformaturesystemsmaybehelpfulwheretheuseofsoftwareapplicationisrequiredfortheindividualworker;diffusionofinnovationmodelsrecentlydevelopedforcomputingsystemsmaybehelpfulwherethetypeofsoftwareisoptionalfortheindividualworker.

Theemerginggenerationofofficeautomationsystemscombinesnewconceptsandcomponentswithexistingones.Whiletheremaybeacombinationoffirst-timeapplicationsforsomeorganizationalactivities,theremaybereplacementapplicationsforothers.Ourabilitytounderstandandplanforofficeautomationdependsontheavailabilityandadequacyofourmodels.Thisarticleexaminessomeoftheassumptionsunderlyingofficeautomation,andthenevaluatestheadequacyofcurrentmodelsappliedtotheanalysisandimplementationofboththefirst-timeandreplacementapplications.Thearticlebeginswithadiscussionofofficeautomation'scontextfactorsinorganizationdesign.Nextisadiscussionofmaturecomputer-basedinformationsystems,particularlyManagementInformationSystems（MIS）,followedbytheirsimilaritiesanddifferentfromemerginginformationsystems.ThefinalsectionexaminestheuseofdiffusionofinnovationmodelsandtheirrelevancetoofficeautomationstudieswithinthescopeofInformationScience.

OrganizationDesign

Organizationdesignisconcernedwiththestructureandfunctionoforganizations,andconsequentlyoccupiesacentralroleinofficeautomationactivities.Suchdesigninvolvestwobasicelements,thetypesofpositionsinorganizationsandcontrolovertaskstructure.Officeautomationsystemsassumethepresenceofboththeseelements.

TypesofPersonnel

Computershavebeenassistinghumansfornearly40years.Whatmakestheearlierusercommunitiesdifferentfromtheemergingcommunitiesisthelevelofpositionsthatareaffected.Nowmanagersarebecomingend-users.

Inthepast,whitecollarworkershavebeenclassifiedasprofessional,managerial,andclerical,basedonthehorizontal（breadth）andvertical（depth）specializationoftheirtasks.Professionalpositionshavegreatverticalspecialization,i.e.,theyrequiregreatdepthofknowledgeinanarrowarea.Incontrast,managementpositionsrequiregreathorizontalspecialization,i.e.,theyrequiregreatbreadthofknowledgebutwithnarrowdepth.Managersareconsideredgeneralistsratherthanspecialists.Clericalpositionsarenarrowinbreadthanddepth.

Thefirstcomputeruserswereprofessionals（scientists）whoappliedinformationtechnologytoextendthecapabilitiesoftheirworkteams.These"value-added"applications,touseLandau,Bair,andShalomterminology,includedsolvingcomplexmathematicalproblems.Today'scomputerusersroutinelyincludeabroadspectrumofprofessionalswhousethesetoolsinpureresearch,appliedresearch,andprofessionalpractice.Next,clericalpersonnelbecameusers.Computersappearedinfunctionalareasoforganizationswithlargeclericalstaffs,whatmancallsthefirstofficeautomationrevolution.Intheseareas,applicationsincludedtransactionprocessing,forexample,payroll,inventory,andorder-entry.AutomationwasintroducedprincipallyforwhatLandau,Bair,andShalomcall"costdisplacement"applications,savinglaborcostsbysubstitutingcapitalforlabor.

Currently,theusercommunityisexpandingtoincludemanagementstaff.Fewmanagersinorganizationsofanysizehavebeenuntouchedbycomputerservicesandsystems.Ataminimum,theyhavereceivedcomputerprintoutreports.Atmost,theymayhaveusedsystemsthroughsomeintermediary.Intheemerginggenerationofofficeautomation,asMartinhasdescribed,managersareexpectedtobecomehands-onusersofanarrayofsoftware.

Anobjectiveofthisgenerationofofficeautomationistoremovecertaintasksfrommanagerialandprofessionalpositionsbyreallocationtoacombinationofclericalpositionsandinformationprocessinghardwareandsoftware.Opensystemsmodelsoforganizations,discussedbyDanielinthisissueofPerspectives,providesanunderstandingofthesedesignissues.

ControlTaskStructure

Taskstructureincludesboth

（1）whatworkoneistoperform,and

（2）howoneistoperformit.Itisthe"how"whichistheprimaryfocushere.TotheClassicalManagementofschoolwhichwasprominentearlyinthiscentury,decidinghowworkwastobeperformedwasamanagementresponsibility,notmerelyamanagementprerogative.Followersofthisschoolofthoughtdirectedtheirattentionprimarilytotheproductionactivitiesofindustry.Responsibilityforstructuringthetasksforclericalworkersisstillgenerallyconsideredtorestwithmanagement.Manyofthetasksofthoseworkershavebeendescribedasroutine,standardized,structured,andconsequentlyeasilyrationalized,i.e.,separatedintoasetofsimplesteps.Itisthislastqualitythatfacilitatesautomatingthefunction.IntheHumanRelationsschoolofthought,developmentofparticipatorymanagementallowstheworkerstohaveaninputinthedesignoftheirtasks—evenasubstantialinput—buttheresponsibilityforgrantingandapprovingtheinputhasremainedwithmanagement.Ineffect,themanagerhasstandardizedtheworkprocessesofclericalandproductionlineworkers.Organizationshaveseveralmeansofassuringthattheyareabletoproduceanoutputwhichisconsistent.Amongthesemechanismsare:

（1）standardizationofprocess—theprocedureswhicharetobefollowed

inperformingatask,

（2）standardizationofoutput—specificationswhicheachunitmustmeet,and（3）standardizationofskills—instructiononhowworkistobeperformed.Thisstandardizationextendstotheformsthatareused,thetoolsapplied,andthemannerinwhichtheyareapplied.

Incontrast,themanagerisgivenabroadlatitudeovertheprocessestoperformhisorherjob.Theorganizationofone'sworkhasbeenconsideredaprerogativeofthemanager,althoughStressmanhaschallengedthisviewasameansoforganization'sbettermanagingitsinformationflow.Ineffect,thislatituderepresentsastandardizationofthe"what"ofamanager'swork,butnotofthe"how,"theprocesseswhichproducethisoutput.Theflexibilityofthemanager'schoiceofworkprocessesallowsforthedevelopmentofworkhabits,whichtotheexternalobservermayseemidiosyncratic.Thetoolsusedbythemanagerindraftingmemosandreports—whetherpencilandpaper,penandpaper,dictationmachine,ortypewriter—aregenerallyapersonalchoiceratherthananorganizationalmandate.Thisflexibilityhaslongallowedmanagement（andprofessionalstaff）tochoosetobringworkhome.Duringmediatransformations,secretarialstaffmayreformatinformationpreparedbythemanagertoconformtotheorganization'sformat,shouldoneexist.

Forprofessionals,whattaskstheyperform,andhowthetasksaretobeperformedaresetoutincodesofconductwhichprovideformalandinformalguidelines.Thisisameansofexternalcontrolinstandardizingtheprocessoforganizationalwork.Professionalworkersalsoperformsometaskswhicharesimilartothoseofmanagerialstaff,e.g.,supervisingprojectsandpeople.Thesetasksmaybecontrolledbytheorganizationaccordingtoitsstandardizationofoutput.Insummary,differencesinthecontrolovertaskstructurecanbeseeninprofessional,managerial,andclericalpersonnel.Whilemanagerialandclericaltaskshavebeenlargelytheprovincesoftheirorganization—internallycontrolled—professionaltasksinvolvetheprofessionalsociety'sstandardsofacceptability,andthusareexternallycontrolled.Inthisrespect,theorganizationhasrelativelylesscontroloverthetaskstructureandworkprocessesforprofessionalstaffthanformanagerialandclericalstaff.Officeautomationisdesignedtohaveanimpactonthetaskstructure,i.e.,theprocessbywhichoneperformsanactivity.Thesedifferencesintaskstructurecontrolraisethepossibilityofitbeingamediatingvariableinofficeautomationmodels;differencesintaskstructurecontrolmayleadtoqualitativedifferencesinofficesystemdesigns.

Computer-BasedInformationSystems

Officeautomationincludesarangeofsystems,includingavarietyofsoftwareanddata.Thecombinationmayincludedatabaseswhichreceiveinputfrommanyorganizationalunitsandfunctionalareasaswellaspersonaldatabases.Somesystemsaredesignedtobeusedbymanyworkersinamandatoryandspecifiedmanneraspartofthejobrequirementsandasaconditionofemployment.Othersystemsmaybeusedtomechanizeataskattheoptionoftheuser;theuserisalsofreetoperformthattaskmanually.

ExistingSystemswithRequiredUse

ManagementInformationSystems（MIS）areaprincipalclassofinformationsystemformodernorganizations.MIScollectsdataforadatabase,manipulatesit,andproducesreportstoabroadspectrumofmanagersconcernedwithdecisionmakingandaccountability.ManydataentrytasksaresmallcomponentsoflargerMIS,withglobaldatabasesspanningorganizationunitsandbeing