1101 阅读 sat 真题.docx

1101 阅读 sat 真题.docx

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1101阅读sat真题

1101短双-生态旅游之争

Passage1

Ecotourismhasbeenbroadlydefinedasrecreationaltravelthatisfocusedonthenaturalenvironmentandthatseekstominimizeitsimpactonthatenvironment.However,thereislittledoubtthatincreasingnumbersofecotouristsalsoposeathreattothequalityandsustainabilityofnaturalecosystems.Numerousaccountsoftourists'"lovingnaturetodeath"havebeenreported,andconcernisgrowingthatecotourismisbecomingnothingmorethana"green"labelthatdressesupexploitativeanddestructivehumanbehavior.Despitewidespreadadvocacyforeducationasasolutiontominimizingecotourists'impactsonthenaturalenvironment,fewtestsoftheeffectivenessofeducationalprogramsincontrollingtourists'behaviorhavebeenconducted.

Passage2

Althoughasubstantialpartoftourismisthe"sun,surf,andsand"variety,thefastest-growingsegmentisecotourism.Thereis,however,substantialconcernaboutthepotentialnegativeimpactsofecotourismontheenvironmentandaboutthenecessitytoplanandregulateecotourismtopreventthem.Thereclearlyhavebeenabusesandmismanagedactivities.Betterplanningandregulationareessential.Yetecotourismbringsmanypeopleintoenvironmentsinwhichtheycanlearnaboutthelocaleandlearnenvironmentalprinciplesthatcanheightentheirawarenessofandcommitmenttoenvironmentalprotectioningeneral.Increasedemphasisonenvironmentallearningaspartofecotourismcouldhelppreventorreduceecotourism'snegativeimpacts.

1.Theauthorsofbothpassageswouldmostlikelyagreethatecotourism

（A）ismostpopularinsunnycoastalenvironments

（B）mayharmtheenvironmentitclaimstovalue

（C）maysoonbemorecommonthanothertypesoftourism

（D）servestoeducatethepublicaboutenvironmentalissues

（E）shouldbetightlyregulatedinordertominimizeitsimpact

2.UnlikePassage2.Passage1primarilyemphasizesecotourism's

（A）economicconsequences

（B）educationalvalue

（C）increasingpopularity

（D）uncertainorigins

（E）damagingeffects

3.TheauthorofPassage2wouldmostlikelycharacterizethetouristswholove“naturetodeath”（Passage1.line7）as

（A）evidenceoftheneedforfurtherenvironmentaleducation

（B）proofthatecotourismshouldbebannedwithinfragileecosystems

（C）concernedabouttheimpactoftheiractions

（D）unawareoftheregulationsgoverningecotourism

（E）insincereintheirinterestintheenvironment

3.Inline15,“conducted”mostnearlymeans

（A）performed

（B）channeled

（C）transmitted

（D）escorted

（E）directed

4.Whichstatementbestcharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthetwopassages?

（A）Passage2providesahistoricalperspectiveonasituationthaiPassage1portraysasarecentproblem.

（B）Passage2takesapositivestanceonanissuethatPassage1presentssomewhatpessimistically.

（C）Passage2providespersonalexperiencewithaphenomenonconsiderstheoretically.

（D）Passage2suggestsaninnovativesolutiontoapuzzleoutlinedinpassage1.

（E）Passage2providesevidencethatcountersacriticismraisedinpassage1.

1101长单-疼痛理论

Thefollowingpassageisadaptedfroma2002bookaboutmodernmedicine.

TheexplanationofpainthathasdominatedmuchofmedicalhistoryoriginatedwithReneDestines,morethanthreecenturiesago.Descartesproposedthatpainisapurelyphysicalphenomenon---thattissueinjurystimulatesspecificnervesthattransmitanimpulsetothebrain,causingthemindtoperceivepain.Thephenomenon,hesaid,islikepullingonaropetoringabellinthebrain.Itishardtooverstatehowingrainedthisaccounthasbecome.Ineverydaymedicine,doctorsseepaininDescartes’terms---asaphysicalprocess,asignoftissueinjury.Welookforaruptureddiskorafractureandwetrytofixwhat'swrong.

Thelimitationsofthismechanisticexplanation,however,havebeenapparentforsometime,sincepeoplewithobviousinjuriessometimesreportfeelingnopainatall.Inthe1960sresearchersproposedthatDescartes'modelbereplacedwithwhattheycalledthegatecontroltheoryofpain.Theyarguedthatbeforepainsignalsreachthebrain,theymustfirstgothroughagatingmechanisminthespinalcord,whichcouldratchetthemupordown.Insomecases,thishypotheticalgatecouldsimplystoppainimpulsefromgettingtothebrain.

Theirmoststartlingsuggestionwasthatwhatcontrolledthegatewasnotjustsignalsfromsensorynervesbutalsoemotionsandother"output"fromthebrain.Theyweresayingthatpullingontheropeneednotmakethebellring.Thehellitself---themind---couldstopit.Thistheorypromptedagreatdealofresearchintohowsuchfactorsasmood,gender,andbeliefsinfluencetheexperienceofpain.InaBritishstudy,forexample,researchersmeasuredpainthresholdandtolerancelevelsin52balletdancersand53universitystudentsbyusingacommonmeasurementknownasthecoldpressertest.Thetestisingeniouslysimple.（Itrieditathomemyself.）Afterimmersingyourhandinbody-temperaturewaterfortwominutestoestablishabaselinecondition,youdunkyourhandinabowloficewaterandstartaclockrunning.Youmarkthetimewhenitbeginstohurt;thatisyourpainthreshold.Thenyoumarkthetimewhenithurtstoomuchtokeepyourhandinthewater:

thatisyourpaintolerance.Thetestisalwaysstoppedat120seconds,topreventinjury.

Theresultswerestriking.Onaveragefemalestudentsrepottedpainat16secondsandpulledtheirhandsoutoftheicewaterat37seconds.Femaledancerswentalmostthreetimesaslongonbothcounts.Meninbothgroupshadahigherthresholdandtoleranceforpain,butthedifferencebetweenmaledancersandmalenondancerswasnearlyaslarge.Whatexplainsthatdifference?

Probablyithassomethingtodowiththepsychologyofballetdancers---agroupdistinguishedbyself-discipline,physicalfitness,andcompetitiveness,aswellasbyahighrateofchronicinjury.Theirdrivenpersonalitiesandcompetitivecultureevidentlyinurethemtopain.

Otherstudiesalongtheselineshaveshownthatextrovertshavegreaterpaintolerancethanintrovertsandthat,withtraining,onecandiminishone'ssensitivitytopain.Thereisalsostrikingevidencethatverysimplekindsofmentalsuggestioncanhavepowerfuleffectsonpain.Inonestudyof500patientsundergoingdenialprocedures,thosewhoweregivenaplaceboinjectionandreassuredthatitwouldrelievetheirpainhadtheleastdiscomfort---notonlylessthanthepatientswhogotaplaceboandweretoldnothingbutalsolessthanthepatientswhogotarealanestheticwithoutanyreassuringcommentthatitwouldwork.Todayitisabundantlyevidentthatthebrainisactivelyinvolvedintheexperienceofpainandisnomerebellonastring.Todayeverymedicaltextbookteachesthegatecontroltheoryasfact.There'saproblemwithit,though.Itexplainspeoplewhohaveinjuriesbutfeelnopain,butitdoesn'texplainthereverse,whichisfarmorecommon---themillionsofpeoplewhoexperiencechronicpain,suchasbackpain,withnosignsofinjurywhatsoever.

GatecontroltheoryacceptsDescartes’viewthatwhatyoufeelaspainisasignalfromtissueinjurytransmittedbynervestothebrain,anduaddsthenotionthatthebraincontrolsagatewayforsuchaninjurysignal.Butinthecaseofsomethinglikechronicbackpain,thereoftenisnoinjury.Sowheredoesthepaincomefrom?

Theropeandclapperaregone,butthebellisstillringing.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

（A）describehowmodernresearchhasupdatedanoldexplanation

（B）arguefortheirrelevanceof-apopulartheory

（C）supportatraditionalviewwithnewdata

（D）promoteaparticularattitudetowardphysicalexperience

（E）proposeaninnovativetreatmentforamedicalcondition

2.WhichstatementbestdescribesDescartes'stheoryofpainaspresentedinlines3-8（“Descartes...brain”）?

（A）Thebraincanshutpainoffatwill.

（B）Thebrainplaysnopartinthebody'sexperienceofpain.

（C）Paincanbetriggeredinmanydifferentways.

（D）Painisahighlypersonalphenomenon.

（E）Painisanautomaticresponsetobodilyinjury.

3.InlineII,“sign”mostnearlymeans

（A）symbol

（B）gesture

（C）image

（D）indication

（E）omen

4.Theauthorimpliesthatthereasonthegatecontroltheorywas“startling”（line23）wasthatit

（A）offeredanextremelynovelexplanation

（B）rancountertopeople'severydayexperiences

（C）underminedarespectedphilosopher'sreputation

（D）wasgroundedinanincomprehensiblelogic

（E）wassosensibleitshouldhavebeenproposedcenturiesbefore

5.Theauthordoeswhichofthefollowinginlines25-27（“They...it”）?

（A）Employsapreviouslyusedcomparisontoexplainanewlyintroducedidea

（B）Citesanaforementionedstudytodisprovearecentlypublishedclaim

（C）Signalsadigressionfromthemainlineoftheargument

（D）Invokesfigurativelanguagetonotethedrawbacksofanapproach

（E）Usespersonificationtoexplicatetheintricaciesofatheory

6.Inline49,“psychology”mostnearlymeans

（A）mentalmakeup

（B）emotionaltrauma

（C）manipulativebehavior

（D）clinicalinvestigation

（E）underlyingmeaning

7.Theauthorsuggeststhat“extroverts';（line55）arelikeballetdancerswithrespecttotheir

（A）reactiontosocialsituations

（B）senseofgroupidentity

（C）responsetophysicalstimuli

（D）needfortheattentionofothers

（E）peculiarattractiontosuffering

8.Adefenderofthegatecontroltheorywouldmostlogicallyarguethatthe“problem”（line68）maylienotwiththetheorybutwith

（A）medicalprofessionals'unwillingnesstoacceptitasathoroughlyverifiedhypothesis

（B）diagnostictoolsthatcannotdetect