简明语言学期末整理资料.docx

简明语言学期末整理资料.docx

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简明语言学期末整理资料简明语言学期末整理资料简明语言学期末整理资料Chapter1.1.1Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisthescientific科学的、系统的studyoflanguage.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Whyislinguisticsascientificstudy?

SystematicInvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithsomegenerallinguistictheories.1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics判断1.3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive规范性和描述性Descriptive-describe/analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage.Descriptivevs.PrescriptiveDontsayX.PeopledontsayX.Thedistinction:

DescribinghowthingsarePrescribinghowthingsoughttobeModernlinguisticsvs.grammarModernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Grammar:

tosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.Modernlinguisticsissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveanditstaskistodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beitcorrectornot.Modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.1.3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic同步性和历时性会定义Synchronicstudy-descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）Diachronicstudy-descriptionofalanguagethroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）Synchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.SynchronicorDiachronic?

1.ThechangeofvocabularysinceChinasreformandopeningup.2.ThestudyofInternetlanguagein21stcentury.3.PejorativeSenseDevelopmentinEnglish.4.TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent-dayEnglishWord-Formation.1.3.4.Langueandparole语言和言语会概念（F.deSaussure:

1857-1913）Langue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisabstract.Paroleisconcrete.Langueisstable.Parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole.1.3.5Competenceandperformance会定义（Chomsky）Competence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance-theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.SimilarityanddifferencebetweenSaussuresdistinctionandthatofChomskySimilarity:

bothmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Difference:

Chomskyscompetence-performanceisfrompsychologicalpointofview.Saussureslangue-paroleisfromsociologicalpointofview.1.3.6Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics要懂！

判断就是下面四个Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.1.2.2designfeaturesoflanguage必须要会！

Arbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Arbitrariness任意性Productivity/Creativity多产性Duality双重性Displacement位移性Culturaltransmission文化传播Arbitrariness-Nological（motivatedorintrinsic）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords（whichimitatenaturalsounds）aresomewhatmotivated（English:

rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:

putong,shasha,dingdang）Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality（doublearticulation）Lowerlevel-sounds（meaningless）Higherlevel-meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning（words）,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.（wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted（throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct）.Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.Chapter2phonology2.2Phonetics2.21Whatisphonetics?

必须要会三个分支也要会Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguageinisolation.Itisconcernedwithproduction,transcription音译andclassificationofspeechsounds.TheproductionandperceptionofspeechsoundsSpeakerProductionSoundWavesHearerPerceptionArticulatoryPhoneticsAcousticPhoneticsAuditoryPhonetics发音语音学声学语音学听觉语音学（语音学的三个分支）2.2.3Orthographic正字法，拼字正确的representationofspeechsounds-broadandnarrowtranscriptions大致意思要懂Towardstheendof19thcentury,whenarticulatoryphoneticshaddevelopedtosuchanextentintheWestthatscholarsbegantofeeltheneedforastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.ThustheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）cameintobeing.Exercise:

TranscriptionofspeechwordsTask:

Writethephoneticsymbolforthefirstsoundineachwordaccordingtoyourpronunciation.Example:

zoo/z/psycho/s/a.Judge/b.Thomas/c.Phone/d.Easy/e.Usual/Thetwosounds/t/in“Student”arereallythesame?

Thefirst“t”isunaspirated（不送气）Thesecond“t”isaspirated（送气的）./stju:

dnth/Thefoursounds/l/arethesame?

Leaf/li:

f/;feel/fi:

l/;build/bild/;health/hel/ClearldarkldentallTheaspirated/h/,thedark/arebothcalledDiacritics（变音符号）TwoTranscriptions严式标音记到什么程度，宽式记音记到什么程度要懂Broadtranscription:

Theletter-symbolsonly.宽式标音/Narrowtranscription:

Theletter-symbols+diacritics严式标音2.4ClassificationofEnglishSpeechsounds音素的分类要知道Vowels元音Consonants辅音元音和辅音放一起叫做音段音位，语调，音调和重音叫做超音段音位ThedifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsVowels:

withnoobstructionthroughthespeechorgansConsonants:

withobstructionthroughthespeechorgans2.2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants要知道辅音的发音分类有哪几种Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:

1.mannerofarticulation根据发音方式来分类2.placeofarticulation.根据发音部位来分类2.3PhonologyThedifferencebetweenphonetics&phonology明白各自是干嘛的Phonetics:

Studysoundsinisolation;onebyone,phoneticfeatures;languageuniversalPhonology:

Studysoundspatternstoconveymeaning;languagespecific2.3.2Phone,Phonemeandallophone理解含义判断题Phone音系:

1）aphoneticunit是语音学的一个片段2）notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaning不需要区分意思3）physicalasperceived物理上能感知4）markedwithPhoneme音位:

1）aphonologicalunit是音系学的一个片段2）distinctiveofmeaning要区分意思3）abstract,notphysical抽象，不能物理上区分4）markedwith/Allophone音位变体Allophones-thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.在不同的语音学环境中代表着一个音素StudentPhones:

tthPhoneme:

/t/Allophone:

tthExercise（Howmanyphones,phonemesandallophones?

）PitSpitTipLeaf,Feel,HealthButMayRest2.3.3phoneticcontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair要知道什么叫互补分布ComplementarydistributionComplementarydistribution-allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.darkl&clearl,aspiratedp&unaspiratedp.tthTwoallophones2.3.4somerulesinphonology3条规则要明白是什么意思判断题2.3.4.1sequentialrules序列规则Therearerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.TheserulesarecalledSequentialrules（序列规则）1.Whatarepossiblesequencesif3consonantsclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword?

2.3.4.2assimilationrule同化规则Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.（同化规则）3.GiveexamplestoshowhowtheassimilationruleworksinEnglish.2.3.4.3deletionrules省略规则Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Deletion/g/occursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Signdesign比如lr后面只允许出现元音这是什么规则在约束它是同化规则在约束它错！

应该是序列规则在约束它要知道序列规则该怎么写2.3.5suprasegmentalfeatures-stresstone声调intonation语调只需知道超音段音位包括哪些就可以了英语中tone算不算超音段音位？

不算所谓是音位，需要能够区分意义5.Listdifferenttypesofstresspatternsthatcandistinguishmeaning.（Task）1）Todistinguishsomenounsfromtheirrelatedverbs.import（n.）import（v.）record（n.）record（v.）2）Todistinguishcompoundsfromnounphrases.hotdog（n.）hotdog（phrase）3）Todistinguishthecompoundcombinationsof-ingmodifiersandnounsandthephrasalcombinationsof-ingformsfortheactionandnounsforthedoer.sleepingcar（compound）sleepingboy（phrase）4）Todistinguishcontentwordsfromfunctionwordsinsentences.Heisdrivingmycar.5）Toemphasizetoacertainpartofasentence.Iprefersmallapples,thosearefartoolarge.7.Whatisthedifferencebetweentoneandintonation?

1）Tonereferstopitchmovementinspokenutterancesthatisr