通风支管与主管连接处设防烟防火阀.docx
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通风支管与主管连接处设防烟防火阀
通风支管与主管连接处设防烟防火阀
火灾统计资料表明,烟是建筑火灾中致人员死亡的罪魁祸首,由于被烟熏死的占比例较大,最高达80%,因此搞好公共娱乐场所的防排烟措施十分重要,在建筑设计中必须给与充分的重视。
笔者根据公共娱乐场所的结构特点和火灾特点,就防排烟设计中应注意的问题进行浅显分析。
Firestatisticsshowthatsmokingistheculprittodeathinbuildingfire,duetobesmokedtodeathaccountedforlargerproportion,upto80%,sothesmokecontrolmeasurestoimprovethequalityofpublicplacesofentertainmentisveryimportant,mustbegivensufficientattentioninarchitecturaldesign.Basedonthestructurecharacteristicsofpublicplacesofentertainment,andthecharacteristicsofthefire,smokecontroldesignproblemsshouldbepaidattentiontoinsimpleanalysis.
1.机械排烟设置部位的确定和送排烟口的确定
1.Themechanicalexhaustsetpositiondeterminationandadeterminationofsmokeexhaustport
1.1机械排烟设置部位的选择
1.1mechanicalsmokeexhaustsetpartsselection
多层民用建筑:
地下房间、无窗房间、有固定窗扇的地上房间,超过20m且无自然排烟的疏散走道,有直接自然通风但长度超过40m的疏散走道。
Multilayercivilbuilding,undergroundroom,windowlessroom,roomontheground,withafixedwindowsashover20mandnonaturalsmokeevacuationaisle,withdirectnaturalventilationbutlengthofmorethan40mevacuationaisle.
1.设在一类建筑和建筑高度超过32m的二类建筑内的公共娱乐场所下列部位:
长度超过20m且无直接天然采光或固定窗的内走道;虽有直接自然采光和自然通风但长度超过60m的内走道;面积超过100m2且经常有人停留或可燃物较多的无窗房间或设固定窗房间;地下室各房间总面积超过200m2或一个房间的面积超过50m2且经常有人停留或可燃物较多的房间(设有窗井等采用可开窗自然排烟措施的房间除外)。
1.Inaclassofsecondclassbuildingandbuildingheightmorethan32mbuildingpublicplacesofentertainmentinthefollowingparts:
thelengthofmorethan20mandnodirectdaylightingorfixedwindowwithintheaisle;Althoughhavenaturallightingandnaturalventilationbutdirectlywithinthelengthofmorethan60maisle;Areaofmorethan100m2andoftenpeoplestayorfuelmorewindowlessroomorsetafixedwindowroom;Eachroomwithatotalareaofmorethan200m2orabasementroomcoversanareaofmorethan50m2andpeopleoftenstayorfuelmoreroom(withwindow,canopenthewindowwellnaturalsmokeexhaustmeasuresexceptroom).
2.设置自然排烟不能满足的建筑高度32m以下的二类建筑或地下室内公共娱乐场所疏散走道或其他需要排烟的房间时。
人民防空工程:
电影院放映间、舞台等;疏散总长度大于20m的走道;建筑面积大于50m2且经常有人停留或可燃物较多的房间。
2.Setthenaturalsmokeexhaustcannotsatisfythebuildingheightof32mthefollowing2kindsofbuildingsorundergroundindoorpublicplacesofentertainmentevacuationaisleorotherneedtosmokeintheroom.Civilairdefenseworks:
theprojectionroom,stage,etc.;Evacuationisgreaterthanthetotallengthof20maisle;Constructionareaofmorethan50m2andpeopleoftenstayorfuelmoreroom.
1.2送排烟口尺寸和布置位置
1.2sendsmokeexhaustmouthsizeandlayoutposition
排烟口的尺寸和布置位置在很大程度上影响排烟的效果。
由于烟气层浮在房间的上部,因此排烟口应设在顶棚平面上或离顶棚较近的高度。
过低会吸入室内下部的空气,使排烟量减少。
排烟口的流速不宜过大,否则会卷吸大量的空气,降低排烟的效果,排烟口的流速不宜大于10m/s,对于大面积的房间,可分散布置多个排烟口。
排烟口离房间最远点的水平距离不大于30m,过大距离的排烟,会吸不到远处的烟气,排烟口的位置不宜太靠近疏散出口。
塑料排水板在排烟通道中,条缝形排烟口对整个排烟口都是有效的,而矩形排烟口则不容易排掉通道两则的烟气。
通常排烟口的最小面积一般不小于0.04m2。
在设置排烟口的时候,注意应使排烟方向与人员疏散方向相反。
Exhaustmouthimpactgreatlyonthesizeandarrangementofthepositionofsmokeeffects.Becausesmokelayerfloatingontheupperpartoftheroom,sotheexhaustmouthshouldbelocatedintheceilingplaneorcloserfromtheceilingheight.Toolowwilllowerinhalationofindoorair,reduceexhaustsmokevolume.Smokevelocityshouldsnotbetoolarge,otherwiseentrainmentofair,reducetheeffectofsmokeexhaust,smokeexhaustmouthvelocityshouldsnotbemorethan10m/s,fortheroomoflargearea,multiplerowsofscatteredarrangementcansmoke.Smokefromthemouthroomapogeeofhorizontaldistancenotgreaterthan30m,toobigdistanceofthesmoke,willbelessthanthedistanceoffluegasabsorption,thepositionoftheexhaustmouthshouldsnotbetooclosetotheevacuationexits.Intheexhaustchannel,crackshapeexhaustsmokeintothemouthofthemouthiseffective,andrectangularexhaustportisnoteasytorowchanneltwofluegas.Usuallyexhaustport,theminimumareaisgenerallynotlessthan0.04m2.Whensettheexhaustmouth,shouldpayattentiontomakeexhaustdirectionandpersonnelevacuationintheoppositedirection.
2.机械排烟系统与通风系统合用
2.Themechanicalsmokeextractionsystemandventilationsystem
2.1房间通风
2.1theroomventilation
特殊用房主要是指发电机房、高低压配电室等需设气体灭火装置的房间。
这些房间通风系统设计的特殊性主要体现在阀门的选定上。
硅脂由于气体灭火系统动作后要求通风系统能再次启动排除灭火气体及火灾产生的烟气和毒气,因此要求通风系统所接阀门要有复位功能,目前具有这种功能的阀门有如下几种:
①带远控功能的防烟防火阀。
这种阀结构简单,价格便宜,关闭速度快,可手动复位,从功能上讲可以满足系统要求,但这种阀带有70℃熔断器,如果阀门受烟气影响导致熔断器动作,则手动复位功能无法实现。
②全自动防火阀。
Specialhousingmainlyreferstothegeneratorroom,highandlowvoltageswitchgearroom,etc.Theneedforgasextinguishingequipmentroom.Theparticularityoftheseroomventilationsystemdesignmainlyreflectsonthevalveselected.Becausethegasextinguishingsystemactionrequiredventilationsystemcanstartagainafterexclusionandfireextinguishinggasproducedbythesmokeandpoisongas,sotherequiredventilationsystemafterthevalveshouldhaveresetfunction,atpresenthasthefunctionofthevalvehasthefollowingkinds:
(1)withthefunctionofremotecontrolofsmokefiredamper.Thisvalvehassimplestructure,cheap,fastshutdown,canbemanuallyreset,tellfromthefunctioncanmeetsystemrequirements,butthiskindofvalvewith70℃fuse,ifthevalveisinfluencedbyfluegasleadtofuseaction,manualresetfunctioncannotbeachieved.
(2)automaticfiredamper.
2.2地下车库通风系统
2.2theundergroundgarageventilationsystem
地下车库通风系统分两种情况:
一是排风排烟共用,樱花此时风机人口阀门选用带联锁功能的防火阀(280℃);二是平时不用,火灾排烟时使用,此时风机人口必须选用排烟防火阀(280℃,常闭)。
另外对于多个防烟分区共用一个排烟系统的情况,目前是按《汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范》设计的,每个防烟分区设一个排风(烟)支管,排风与排烟合用,这样系统简单,联动阀门少,系统可靠性高,但当排风系统按上部排1/3风量,下部排2/3风量设置时,排风、排烟系统就必须分设支管(可合用风机),因为排烟口必须安装在接近顶棚的高度(下部排烟效果不好),此时必须在通风管上再接出若干排烟支管,在支管上设排烟防火阀,通风支管与主管连接处设防烟防火阀,平时打开防烟防火阀,关闭排烟防火阀,火灾时关闭防烟防火阀,打开着火区的排烟防火阀,这样做排烟效果好,但阀门较多,风管较复杂,层高较低时不好布置,需每个阀门都设一个控制、监视模块,对产品质量要求较高,否则系统可靠性无法保证。
Undergroundgarageventilationsystemintwosituations:
oneisShared,theexhaustsmokefanpopulationvalveselectionatthistimethefirevalvewiththeinterlockfunction(280℃);Second,atordinarytimesneednot,theuseoffiresmoke,fanpeoplemustnowchoosesmokefiredamper(280℃,normallyclosed).Inadditiontomultiplesmokepartitionssharingasmokeextractionsystem,iscurrentlyinthegarage,repairgarage,codeforfireprotectiondesignoftheparkinglotdesign,eachsetaexhaustsmokepartitions(smoke)branch,exhaustandsmokeexhaust,thissystemissimple,lessjointvalve,systemreliabilityishigh,butwhentheexhaustsystemintheupperrowof1/3volume,lower2/3airflowSettings,exhaustandsmokeexhaustsystemmustbesetupbranch(fan)canbeused,becausetheexhaustmouthmustbeinstalledneartheheightoftheceiling(lowersmokeexhausteffectisbad),atthistimemustbeintheventilationpipetopickoutseveralrowYanZhi,smokefiredamperissetonthebranchpipe,ventilationpipeandheadjunctionfortificationsmokefiredamper,smokefirevalvenormallyopen,closethesmokefiredamper,fireoffsmokefiredamper,openfireOuDePaismokefiredamper,dosmokeexhausteffectisgood,butthevalveismore,ductiscomplex,theheightislowerisbadarrangement,needtoeachvalveshallhaveacontrol,amonitoringmodule,thedemandishigher,thequalityofproductorsystemreliabilitycannotbeguaranteed.
2.3加压送风及走廊排烟
2.3pressureairsupplyandexhaustsmokecorridor
目前这两个系统在阀门选用上已基本统一,都是选用多叶送(排)风口,主要在联动上有一些分歧。
山东泰安太阳能有一种观点认为不论火灾发生与否,只要手动打开送(排)风口,就能联动风机启动,理由是一旦报警系统失灵,就能联动风机启动。
Inthetwosystems,thevalveselectionisalmostunity,arechooseleafysend(row)tuyere,mainlytherearesomedifferencesonthelinkage.Oneviewisthatwhetherthefireornot,aslongasthemanualopen(row)tuyere,linkagefancanstart,thereasonisthatoncethealarmsystemfailure,linkagefancanstart.
2.4空调
2.4airconditioning
空调系统一般都选用防火调节阀(空调风管穿越防火分区时选用防烟防火阀,但这种情况十分少见),对这些阀门,部分人认为可不纳人火灾报警系统,理由是《高层民用建筑防火设计规范》中没有规定。
但要注意规范中所涉及的都是联动动作流程,单梁起重机需要设控制模块或智能探测器才能完成,而对监视规范中并未明确规定。
防火调节阀不需做报警联动控制,但必需设监视模块,使阀门能受主机监视,当阀门熔断器动作后,防火阀输出信号到监视模块,模块再输出信号到报警主机,这样可以使控制中心监视到空调系统防火阀的动作情况,这对防止火灾蔓延、确定灭火方案是很重要的。
Airconditioningsystemsaregenerallychoosefiredampers(airconditioningairpipethroughfirepartitionchoosesmokefiredamper,butthiskindofsituationisveryrare),forthesevalves,somepeoplethinkthatpeopledon't,firealarmsystem,thereasonisthatthecodeforfireprotectiondesignoftallbuildingsarenotintherules.Butshouldpayattentiontointhespecificationareinvolvedinthelinkagemovementprocess,needtosetacontrolmoduleorintelligentdetectortocomplete,andthemonitordidnotexplicitlystipulatedinthespecification.Firealarmlinkagecontrolvalvedoesnotneedtodo,butmustsetmonitoringmodule,canmakethevalvebythehostcomputermonitoring,whenthevalveisfuse,thefiredamperoutputsignaltothemonitoringmodule,moduleandthenoutputasignaltothealarmhost,sothatwecanmakethecontrolcentermonitorfirevalveactiontotheairconditioningsystem,whichtopreventthefirespreading,itisimportanttodeterminethefirefightingplan.
总之,各类防火阀门的正确运用是通风空调系统正常运行的重要保证条件,随着楼宇自控技术的不断发展,桃树苗将会带动包括防火阀在内的各种建筑设备的更新换代,只有及时掌握并应用于实践,才能不断提高工程的综合效能。
Ingeneral,allkindsoffireprotectionvalvescorrectlyuseconditionsisanimportantguaranteeofnormaloperationofventilationandairconditioningsystem,withthecontinuousdevelopmentofbuildingautomationtechnology,willleadtoallkindsofbuildings,includingfiredamper,upgradingofequipment,onlytomasterandapplyittopracticeintime,toconstantlyimprovethecomprehensiveefficiencyoftheengineering.