语言学作业.docx

语言学作业.docx

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语言学作业

外国语学院

英语语言学

课程论文

DifferencesbetweenChineseandWestern

CourtesyExpressions

中西方礼貌用语的差异

课程名称

英语语言学

考试方式

课程论文

姓名

学号

指导教师

2012年12月25日

DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternCourtesyExpressions

Abstract

Withthedevelopmentofourcountry’seconomy,internationalexchangeandcooperationbecomesmorefrequent.TheprocessofcommunicationinwhichpeopleindifferentculturalbackgroundsareengagedisInterculturalCommunication.Andlanguageisthemostbasicandimportantmediatointerculturalcommunication.Therefore,asaforeignlanguagelearnerweshouldfullyunderstandthecultureofthelanguage.Itisunquestionablethattherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisveryclose.Languageisthecarrierofculture.Theprocessoflearningaforeignlanguageisalsotheprocessofunderstandingthiscountry’sculture.Thedegreeofmasteringthiscountry’sculturalbackgroundknowledgeinfluencesdirectlyone’scapabilityofusingthelanguage.Itisthepremiseofusingthelanguageproperly.Thispapertalksabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.ThenitrevealsdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesbyanalyzingthedifferencesofeverydayexpressionsbetweentheChineseandWesterners.Itclarifiesthatlanguagelearningmeansculturelearningandemphasizestheimportanceofpayingattentiontothisculturaldifference.ItalsorecommendsseveralwaystolearntheculturebackgroundofEnglishcountries.

Keywords:

culture,life,communion,language

中西方礼貌用语的差异

摘要

随着我国社会经济的发展，国际间的交流与合作日益密切，不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。

而语言便是进行跨文化交际最基本、也是最重要的媒介。

本论文试图回答的研究问题是：

注重中西方文化差异的重要性，我们将采用从语言与文化的关系和生活文化比较入手的方法，总结归纳注重中西方文化差异的，并针对这些原因增强我们对西方文化的了解，改善因生活文化的差异而带来的误解。

本文以中西文化的生活作为研究，分析中西生活之间的不同，尝试运用对比的手法，以证明中西文化的差异存在很大的差异。

作者希望通过本次研究,可以有助于不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程障碍，从而提高我国社会经济的发展，国际间的交流与合作。

关键词：

文化，生活习惯，交流，语言

DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternCourtesyExpressions

1Introduction

1.1Privacyconflic

China'sconceptofprivacyhasbeenrelativelyweak,andthattheindividualshouldbevestedinthecollective,withthestressunity,fraternity,mutualconcern,thereforeoftenverywillingtounderstandotherpeople'smixed,theothersideisalsowillingtofrankly.Andtheonlywaytoshowhowcareabouteachotherwhentheothersiderealfriendstoview.Westerners,bycontrast,theyareveryfocusonprivacy,andemphasizepersonalspace,astrongsenseofpersonal,nottoomanyotherstomentiontheirownaffairs,evenmorereluctanttoletothersinterfere.Evenmoreareclosefriends,theywouldtalkEnoughisenough.Therefore,inbothChineseandWesternontheissueofprivacyoftenconflicts,suchas:

China'sfirstmeetingwilloftenaskedeachother'sage,maritalstatus,children,occupation,incomeandevenintheeyesoftheChinesepeopleisanactofcourtesy,butintheWestthinkthattheeyesoftheseissuesaviolationoftheirprivacy.

1.2Theconflictoftime

Westernconceptoftimeisvery,verycherishtheirtimeinlifetendtoadvanceonthetimemadecarefularrangementsandplans,anddevelopagoodhabitofflyingtime.IntheWest,tovisitsomeone,priornoticeoragreement,andindicatethepurposeofvisit,timeandplace,thebusinesswillbeconductedafter.China'speoplearemoreaccustomedtothetimeofthecountriesintheuseoftimeisveryarbitrary,asWesternersgenerallynotasstrictaccordancewiththeplan,sometimesevenmetwithothersmaybejustatemporarydecisionorearlyhalfonlyhours,flyinginthepunctualityextent,thelessstringent,afewminuteslateisverycommonsituation.Andthereasonisapretextforthesale,anytrafficjamah,whatishappeningathomefromtheprovisionalbodycannotah,andsoon.ThisareavarygreatlywithWesterners,Westernersareoftenabletomeetthis,itisdifficulttoaccept.However,theChinesepeoplehavetakenforgranted,donotfeelthereisanyinappropriate.

1.3Theconflictofcourtesy

Chinahasalwaysbeenamoretraditionalareasofthecountry.Chinaalsohasbeenmodestattentionincommunicationwiththepeople,emphasizes"Belcherownstatue,"seethisasavirtue,whichisarichChineseculturalheritage,courtesyphenomenon.Wecommendthepeople,wetendtoaself-criticismtoshowmodestandpolite.Thisisparticularlyprominentinthename,suchasontheirowntootherswillbeintroducedhiswife:

"ThisisJianna!

"Mysonwillbe"Quanzi"andsaidthatheis"I"andsoon.Butotherscallitisalightputwords:

yourfather'sparentsareLiantang,andtheotheristhesonoftheson,andsoon.Themtoasacourtesy,acourtesy,othersundertheirownforever.Inparticular,bypraiseorrecognition,theChinesepeoplealwayslikethissentence:

"Wherewhereyourwinning!

Whennotafraid!

"

Onthecontrary,theWesterncountrieshavenosuchculturalpractices,whentheyarepraised,theAssociationispleasedtosay"Thankyou"acceptanceofotherpeople'spraise.InitialcontactwiththeChinesepeoplemayalsothinkthatthisisanarcissismwhat?

WesternerscallexpressionandtheChineseseemtothecontrary,themoreintimaterelationship,themoreaccustomedamhavingitsname.TraveledaroundtheUnitedStatesinthe"FamilyalbumUSA,"thegrandsonRobbieseeGrandpa,calledthe"VoiceofGrandpa,"Grandpaimmediatelycorrectedto"CallmeMalcolm"appearsbrieflyDuida,yettheyJiesunliatonarrowthegapbetweenthemany.IntheeyesofChinesepeople,thisiskindofgreatdisrespectisabsolutelynotthe.ThedifferencebetweenChineseandWesterncultures,webelievethattheWestistooself-confident,withoutmodesty,andwhenWesternershaveheardthattheChinesepeopletodenyotherstheirowntributeorheartheirdenialoftheirownachievements,evenwhentheircriticismofworthless,wouldbeverysurprisedthattheChinesepeopledishonest.

2.DifferencesinValueConceptandMoralCriteria

2.1Introduction

Individualsenseofhonorandmodest,westernersworshipindividualstriving,especiallyproudofpersonalachievements,andneverconcealingself-confidence,senseofhonoraswellasecstasyofsuccess.

2.2IndividualFreedomVSHarmoniousCooperation

Westernerstreasuretheindividualfreedom,doingthingintheirownwish,behavingalone,notsubjecttorestriction.

Exceptteamworksoundsbetterthancollectivism.TakethemostAmericansportofall,football.Everyonehasanextremelyspecializedrolethattheyfill.Weinventedtheassemblyline,youknow?

Americanentertainmentisalsoseperateandics...adesignatedwriter,penciller,inker,colorist,allspecialisedtoworktogetherasaparedtoAsians,takeJapan.Theircomics...haveanartistwhodoesthewriting/penciling/inkingandsometimescoloring.Hehasassistantswhicharelikeappressedwholearnfromhim.Noneisspecializedtoaparticularrole.Americaisfullofcollectives,everybodywantstobelong.

2.3PioneeringSpiritVSMediumWay

Westcultureencouragespeopletodeveloptheinnovation,doingsomethingoutstandingorneverdone.

Westerncultureisadventurousandexplorationbased.Westernersliketodiscovernewthings,inventionandexpandoutwards.Forinstance,bungeejumpingisconsideredadventurousandcommoninwesternculture,butyouwillprobablyfindno-onedoingsuchathinginChina.

Westerncultureisbasedonscience,whichattemptstoresolvepeopleandnature'srelationship.

2.4Self-centerVSSacrifice

Westerners’self-centerconsciousnessandtheindependentconsciousnessareverystrong,mainlydisplaysin:

（1）self-responsibility.Inthelawofthejunglesociety,survivingandthesurvivalqualityallaredecidedbyone’sability,therefore,eachoneallmuststrive,andplacethepersonalinterestinfirstplace

（2）carelessaboutothers,orhelpingotherpeople,neverinquiringaboutotherpeople’smatter.（3）asaresultoftheabovetwo,itisfrequentlyembarrassinginhelpingothersoracceptingothers’helpintheWest.Because,one’sacceptinghelponlyprovedtobeincompetence,andhelpingotherswouldbeconsideredinterferingothersprivacy.

Thisistrue,esp.inwesternsocietywheretheindividualismwasalwaysvaluedandapersonalcreativityandfreedomwasemphasized,andworkwasbasedonindividualperformance.Thesearevaluessystemshighlypricedinwesternsociety,butnotmuchineasternsocietywhereworkwasnotbasedonindividualperformancebutonwhetherthewholecompany（themass）isdoingwell（collectivism）,howyourelatetopeople（humanism）,howyourespectyoureldersetc.

3．DifferencesinSocialCernaon

3.1Introduction

CulturaldifferencesonpolitenessbetweenwesternandChinesecanbefoundinmanyaspectsofdailycommunication,includingaddressing,greetingandparting,compliments,apologies,thanks,etc.Inthefollowing,wewilllookatsomeculturaldifferentbetweenChinaandwestern.

3.2GreetingandParting

Whenpeoplemeetacquaintancesorfriends,peopleusuallygreeteachother.Thepurposeofgreetingistoestablishormaintainsocialcontact.Soformulaicexpressionsareoftenused,butsuchformulaicexpressionsoftencausesconflictbecauseofthegreatculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandnativeEnglishspeakers.InEnglish,peopleoftenemploythefollowingexpressionstogreeteachother“Goodmorning/evening/afternoon.“Fineday,isn’tit?

”Howiseverythinggoing?

”Haveyoueatenyet?

”Whatareyougoingtodo?

”Wherehaveyoubeen?

”etc.Westernerstreatthemasrealquestion.WhileinChinese,wealwayssay“你吃了吗（Didyoueat）？

”“你上哪里去（Whereareyougoing）？

”“你干什么去（Whydoyougoingthere）？

”toshowourconsideration.Partingmaybedividedintotwosteps.Beforethefinalprating,thereisusualaleav