人工神经网络外文翻译.docx
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人工神经网络外文翻译
人工神经网络外文翻译
附录二:
外文翻译原文
TheKahnawakeSurvivalSchool(KSS),locatedintheKahnawakeMohawkTerritoryonthesouthshoreoftheSt.LawrenceRiveracrossfromMontreal,ismorethanahighschool.Itisateachingtoolforstudents,acommunitygatheringplaceandashelterincaseofdisaster.The5500m2(60,000ft2)buildingiscomposedofacentralblockwithtwowings,spreadpartiallyontwofloors.TheschoolopenedinAugust2008.
AfterathoroughinspectionofthelandownedbytheKahnawakeEducationCenter(KEC),thedesignteamchosealocationinanexistingclearingwherethebuildingwouldbeadjacenttoaforestbutstillaccessiblefromthemainhighwayofthereserve.Theproposedlocationwasanalyzedbyallbuildingprofessionalstooptimizetheorientation/layoutofthebuilding.
Consideringtheageandhistoryofthesite,thedecisionwasmadetodesignabuildingandmakeitfitthesite,preventingmajorsitemodificationsandunnecessarycuttingdownoftrees.Thisconsiderationwasevenmoreimportantsinceanendangeredtreespecies(Butternut)waspresent.Also,allsoilremovedfromthesiteforexcavationwaspilednearthehighwaytocreateanaturalwallofdirt,grassandtrees,toreducethenoisefromthehighway.
Althoughbuildingthefacilityinaclearingwasamajorconstructionchallenge,ithadmanyadvantagesformechanicalandelectricalengineering.
AbouttheAuthor
NicolasLemire,P.Eng.,isaprincipalatPageauMorelandAssociates,Montreal,QC,Canada.
Table1:
Averageenergyconsumptionforteachingfacilitiesin2006(perNaturalResourcesCanada,OEE).
AverageTeachingFacilityinQuebec
1.90GJ/m2/yr
AverageTeachingFacilityinCanada
1.70GJ/m2/yr
Table2:
EnergycomparisonofschoolsinQuebec,OntarioandCanada
名称
GJ/m2/yr
Reduction%
AverageTeachingFacilityinQuebec
1.90
—
AverageTeachingFacilityinCanada
1.70
—
ReferenceBuilding(School)asPerMNECBofCanadaforQuebec)
1.30
0
ReferenceBuilding(School)asPerMNECBofCanadaforOntario
1.27
2.4
KSS(ActualDatafor2008–2009)
0.63
51.4
Table3:
ConstructioncostsinCanadiandollars.
cost
$
$/m2
$/ft2
Mechanical
1459555
265.37
24.33
Electrical
1059676
192.67
17.66
WholeBuilding
8591279
1562.05
143.19
Forexample,treessurroundingthepathprovideshadeforthesouthfadeofthefacilityduringsummer.Withleavesshedinthewinter,theresultingsolargainsareusedasanauxiliaryheatingsource.
Table1showsdatapublishedbyNaturalResourcesCanadaontheaverageenergyconsumptionofteachingfacilitiesin2006.
Table2showsanenergycomparisonbetweentheaveragefacilitiespresentedinTable1,thereferencebuildingaspertheModelNationalEnergyCodeforBuildings(MNECB)ofCanadaforateachingfacilityincludinggeothermalenergyintheProvinceofQuebec1andintheProvinceofOntario,2andthenewKahnawakeSurvivalSchool.
Table2showsthatKSSperformswellat66.8%moreefficientthantheaverageteachingfacilityintheProvinceofQuebecand51.4%moreefficientthanthereferencebuildingoftheMNECBofCanadaforateachingfacilityinQuebecusinggeothermalenergy.
Heatrecoveryisappliedtofreshairandexhaustusinganenthalpywheel.Coilsandfiltersinthesystemsareselectedat1.8m/s(350fpm)toreducestaticpressureloss.Variablefrequencydrivesareinstalledonallfansandmotorsandaredirectlycoupledtoavoidbeltlossesandreducemaintenance.Motorsarehighefficiency.Aclosedloopgeothermalheatexchanger(15verticalboreholesof137m2[450ft])isusedtosupplytemperedglycoltolocalgeothermalwater-to-airheatpumps.Awater-to-waterheatpumpproduceshotorcoldglycoltosupplyacoilinthemainfreshairventilationunitthatprovidesoutsideairtoallbuildingareas.
AdditionalenergyefficientmeasuresimplementedarehighefficiencylightingfixturesandfreshaircontrolusingCO2sensorsforthegym.
Ductingwasdesignedtogrouptheclassroomsinfourzones,withafifthzonefortheoffices.Assoonasallclassroomsinonezoneareunoccupied,thatventilationzoneisshutdown.Whenallzonesareclosed,themainsystemisturnedoff.
Physicalseparationsarepresentbetweenclassroomsandoffices,givingameansofcontrollingIAQandenergyconsumptiondependingonoccupationmodes(officesareusedinsummer,whileclassesarenot;classescanbeusedatnightthroughouttheyearwhileofficesareemptyatnight,etc.).
Commissioningwasperformedwithemphasisonperformancesofprimaryair-handlingunits(AHUs)andventilationstrategies.Todealwiththeamountoffreshairinjectedintothegymnasium,CO2sensorswereinstalledinthereturnductleadingtotheair-handlingunits,analyzingCO2quantitiescontainedinreturnair.FreshairisinjectedinthemixingboxoftheAHUtomaintainCO2levelsat800ppm.
Thespecialvariableairvolume(VAV)systemwithpredeterminedoutsideairrateandterminalreheatisanefficientwayofprovidingeffectiveindoorenvironmentalqualitytotheusers.AllzonesinthebuildingcanmaintaineffectivetemperaturewithintheASHRAEcomfortzoneasdefinedinASHRAEStandard55.Aminimumhumiditylevelof30%ismaintainedduringwinterusingelectricalsteamgeneratorhumidifiersinstalledintheair-Image:
.2009DigitalGlobe
Image:
.2009DigitalGlobetechnologyawardcasestudies
BuildingataGlance
Name:
KahnawakeSurvivalSchool
Location:
Kahnawake,QC,Canada
Owner:
KahnawakeEducationCenter
PrincipalUse:
School
Includes:
HighSchool,Community
Center,PublicAssembly
Employees/Occupants:
450students
GrossSquareFootage:
60,000ft2
SubstantialCompletion/Occupancy:
August2008
Occupancy:
100%handlingunits.Duringsummer,amaximumof60%isallowed(designcriteriaforoffices).
Consideringthemanytypesofactivityoccurringinthebuilding(teaching,administration,communityactivities,shows,sportingevents,communitymeetingsandshelter),twobasicoptionswereanalyzed:
dedicatedsystemsandcentralizedsystems.Afteranalysis,itwasdecidedtocombinebothstrategies.Theuseofacentralizedsystemtoconditiontheamountofoutsideairrequiredandsenditinallzoneswasthebestsolution.Thecapabilitytooperateatvariableflowwasamajoraspectofthissystemsinceclassroomsandteachingareasarenotused24/7whileofficesandadministrativeareasoperatethroughouttheyear.
Becauseclassroomsarenotusedduringthehottermonthsoftheyear(frommid-JunetotheendofAugust),coolingtheclassroomsandthegymwasquestioned.Itwasdecidedtouselocalgeothermalwater-to-airheatpumpsintotheadministrativeandofficeareasandinthecafeteria/studentloungeasthoseareasweremorelikelytobeusedthroughouttheyearorduringsummerforevents.Thefreshairsystemwasequippedwithageothermalwater-to-waterheatpumptoallowheating/cooling/dehumidificationoffreshairsuppliedtoallareasincluding
classroomsandthegym.
Forthegym,aprovisionhasbeenmadetoallowinstallationofcoolingcapacityinthesysteminthefuturebyaddingawater-waterheatpumptosupplyacoil.Naturalventilationisavailableforallclassroomsandthegymusingoperablewindows.Themaincentralcorridorisopenontwostoriesandcontinueshigher(almostthreefloors)toactasanaturalchimney.Allclassroomsareopenedtothecentralcorridor(usingoperablepanels).Whentheoutsideconditionsareadequate,a
specialgreenlightshowsteachers/usersitisagooddaytousenaturalventilation.Operablewindowslocatedatthetopofthenaturalchimneyareopened,andteachers/userscandecideiftheywanttoopenthem.
Ifveryhotdaysoccurduringtheacademicyear,aprovisionfortwopropellerfans,locatedateachendofthemaincorridor,wasplanned(atthetopofthenaturalchimney).Thiswouldforceairmovementthroughthebuilding(usingnaturalventilationopeningsinclassroomsbutclosingthewindowsatthetopofthenaturalchimney).Thesamestrategywasappliedtothegym,allowingittobenaturallycooled.Also,adedicatedair-handlingunitwasinstalledintothegymforventilationandheatingpurposes.Variablefrequencydriveswereinstalledoneachfan.Heatrecoverywasimplementedonexhaustfans(washrooms,janitorrooms,etc).
Acentralizedbuildingautomationsystem(BAS)linksallmechanicalcomponentsthroughacentralizedDDCnetwork.Acentralpanelislocatedinthemainmechanicalroomandissimpletousesothatoccupantswhoarepresentoutsideofnormalbusinesshourscanstart/stopdifferentfeaturesofthebuilding(naturalventilation,forcednaturalventilationfans,primaryfreshairsystem,gymventilationsystemandgymforcednaturalventilationfans).
CommissioningwasdoneontheBAS,whichhelpedimproveenergyefficiency.Thisprocesscontinuedafterdeliveryofthebuildingandwillcontinueforafewyearstoperfectlytunethebuildingtothedesiredoperation.
Capitalcostswerecontrolledbyprovidingsimplesystemsthatrelyonwell-established,low-costtechnologiesandbyoptimizingequipmentselectionfordependability,lowmaintenanceandmaximumefficiency.AmajoradvantageoftheVAVsystemswithterminalreheatisthat,despitedifferentloadrequirements,acomfortableenvironmentcanbemaintainedinallrooms.Thismakesthesystemsflexibleenoughtoadapt,atlowcost,toanylayoutmodification.
Designingcomplicatedsystemsisnotalwaysaguaranteeforenergyefficiency.Infact,theguidingprincipleisthatsimplersystems(aslongasenergyefficiencyisnotcompromised)areunderstoodbetterbymaintenancepersonnel,whichlowersoperationcosts.
Thedecreaseofenergyconsumptionledtoareductionof