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基于PLC的运料小车控制英文翻译原文
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译原文
课题:
基于PLC的运料小车控制
院系:
机电工程学院
专业:
机电一体化
学生姓名:
殷鹏超
学号:
030110100175
指导教师单位:
桂林航天工业高等专科学校
姓名:
秦展田
职称:
副教授
年月日
ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLCs)
1。
AboutProgrammableLogicControllers(PLCs)
PLCs(programmablelogiccontrollers)arethecontrolhubsforawidevarietyofautomatedsystemsandprocesses.Theycontainmultipleinputsandoutputsthatusetransistorsandothercircuitrytosimulateswitchesandrelaystocontrolequipment.Theyareprogrammableviasoftwareinterfacedviastandardcomputerinterfacesandproprietarylanguagesandnetworkoptions.
ProgrammablelogiccontrollersI/Ochannelspecificationsincludetotalnumberofpoints,numberofinputsandoutputs,abilitytoexpand,andmaximumnumberofchannels. Numberofpointsisthesumoftheinputsandtheoutputs.PLCsmaybespecifiedbyanypossiblecombinationofthesevalues. Expandableunitsmaybestackedorlinkedtogethertoincreasetotalcontrolcapacity. Maximumnumberofchannelsreferstothemaximumtotalnumberofinputandoutputchannelsinanexpandedsystem. PLCsystemspecificationstoconsiderincludescantime,numberofinstructions,datamemory,andprogrammemory. ScantimeisthetimerequiredbythePLCtocheckthestatesofitsinputsandoutputs. Instructionsarestandardoperations(suchasmathfunctions)availabletoPLCsoftware. Datamemoryisthecapacityfordatastorage. Programmemoryisthecapacityforcontrolsoftware.
AvailableinputsforprogrammablelogiccontrollersincludeDC,AC,analog,thermocouple,RTD,frequencyorpulse,transistor,andinterruptinputs. OutputsforPLCsincludeDC,AC,relay,analog,frequencyorpulse,transistor,andtriac. ProgrammingoptionsforPLCsincludefrontpanel,handheld,andcomputer.
Programmablelogiccontrollersuseavarietyofsoftwareprogramminglanguagesforcontrol. TheseincludeIEC61131-3,sequentialfunctionchart(SFC),functionblockdiagram(FBD),ladderdiagram(LD),structuredtext(ST),instructionlist(IL),relayladderlogic(RLL),flowchart,C,andBasic. TheIEC61131-3programmingenvironmentprovidessupportforfivelanguagesspecifiedbytheglobalstandard:
SequentialFunctionChart,FunctionBlockDiagram,LadderDiagram,StructuredText,andInstructionList.Thisallowsformulti-vendorcompatibilityandmulti-languageprogramming. SFCisagraphicallanguagethatprovidescoordinationofprogramsequences,supportingalternativesequenceselectionsandparallelsequences. FBDusesabroadfunctionlibrarytobuildcomplexproceduresinagraphicalformat.Standardmathandlogicfunctionsmaybecoordinatedwithcustomizablecommunicationandinterfacefunctions. LDisagraphiclanguagefordiscretecontrolandinterlockinglogic.ItiscompletelycompatiblewithFBDfordiscretefunctioncontrol. STisatextlanguageusedforcomplexmathematicalproceduresandcalculationslesswellsuitedtographicallanguages. ILisalow-levellanguagesimilartoassembly
code.Itisusedinrelativelysimplelogicinstructions. RelayLadderLogic(RLL),orladderdiagrams,istheprimaryprogramminglanguageforprogrammablelogiccontrollers(PLCs).Ladderlogicprogrammingisagraphicalrepresentationoftheprogramdesignedtolooklikerelaylogic. FlowChartisagraphicallanguagethatdescribessequentialoperationsinacontrollersequenceorapplication.Itisusedtobuildmodular,reusablefunctionlibraries. Cisahighlevelprogramminglanguagesuitedtohandlethemostcomplexcomputation,sequential,anddataloggingtasks.ItistypicallydevelopedanddebuggedonaPC. BASICisahighlevellanguageusedtohandlemathematical,sequential,datacapturingandinterfacefunctions.
Programmablelogiccontrollerscanalsobespecifiedwithanumberofcomputerinterfaceoptions,networkspecificationsandfeatures. PLCpoweroptions,mountingoptionsandenvironmentaloperatingconditionsareallalsoimportanttoconsider.
2。
INTRODUCTION
ForsimpleprogrammingtherelaymodelofthePLCissufficient.AsmorecomplexfunctionsareusedthemorecomplexVonNeumanmodelofthePLCmustbeused.AVonNeumancomputerprocessesoneinstructionatatime.Mostcomputersoperatethisway,althoughtheyappeartobedoingmanythingsatonce.ConsiderthecomputercomponentsshowninFigure1.
Figure11SimplifiedPersonalComputerArchitecture
Inputisobtainedfromthekeyboardandmouse,outputissenttothescreen,andthediskandmemoryareusedforbothinputandoutputforstorage.(Note:
thedirectionsofthesearrowsareveryimportanttoengineers,alwayspayattentiontoindicatewhereinformationisflowing.)ThisfigurecanberedrawnasinFigure2toclarifytheroleofinputsandoutputs.
Figure2AnInput-OutputOrientedArchitecture
Inthisfigurethedataenterstheleftsidethroughtheinputs.(Note:
mostengineeringdiagramshaveinputsontheleftandoutputsontheright.)IttravelsthroughbufferingcircuitsbeforeitenterstheCPU.TheCPUoutputsdatathroughothercircuits.Memoryanddisksareusedforstorageofdatathatisnotdestinedforoutput.Ifwelookatapersonalcomputerasacontroller,itiscontrollingtheuserbyoutputtingstimulionthescreen,andinputtingresponsesfromthemouseandthekeyboard.
APLCisalsoacomputercontrollingaprocess.Whenfullyintegratedintoanapplicationtheanalogiesbecome;
inputs-thekeyboardisanalogoustoaproximityswitch
input-circuits-theserialinputchipislikea24Vdcinputcard
computer-the686CPUislikeaPLCCPUunit
output-circuits-agraphicscardislikeatriacoutputcard
outputs-amonitorislikealight
storage-memoryinPLCsissimilartomemoriesinpersonalcomputers
ItisalsopossibletoimplementaPLCusinganormalPersonalComputer,althoughthisisnotadvisable.InthecaseofaPLCtheinputsandoutputsaredesignedtobemorereliableandruggedforharshproductionenvironments.
3。
OPERATIONSEQUENCE
AllPLCshavefourbasicstagesofoperationsthatarerepeatedmanytimespersecond.Initiallywhenturnedonthefirsttimeitwillcheckit’sownhardwareandsoftwareforfaults.Iftherearenoproblemsitwillcopyalltheinputandcopytheirvaluesintomemory,thisiscalledtheinputscan.Usingonlythememorycopyoftheinputstheladderlogicprogramwillbesolvedonce,thisiscalledthelogicscan.Whilesolvingtheladderlogictheoutputvaluesareonlychangedintemporarymemory.Whentheladderscanisdonetheoutputswillbeupdatedusingthetemporaryvaluesinmemory,thisiscalledtheoutputscan.ThePLCnowrestartstheprocessbystartingaselfcheckforfaults.Thisprocesstypicallyrepeats10to100timespersecondasisshowninFigure3.
Figure3PLCScanCycle
SELFTEST-Checkstoseeifallcardserrorfree,resetwatch-dogtimer,etc.(Awatchdogtimerwillcauseanerror,andshutdownthePLCifnotresetwithinashortperiodoftime-thiswouldindicatethattheladderlogicisnotbeingscannednormally).
INPUTSCAN-Readsinputvaluesfromthechipsintheinputcards,andcopiestheirvaluestomemory.ThismakesthePLCoperationfaster,andavoidscaseswhereaninputchangesfromthestarttotheendoftheprogram(e.g.,anemergencystop).TherearespecialPLCfunctionsthatreadtheinputsdirectly,andavoidtheinputtables.
LOGICSOLVE/SCAN-Basedontheinputtableinmemory,theprogramisexecuted1stepatatime,andoutputsareupdated.Thisisthefocusofthelatersections.
OUTPUTSCAN-Theoutputtableiscopiedfrommemorytotheoutputchips.Thesechipsthendrivetheoutputdevices.
Theinputandoutputscansoftenconfusethebeginner,buttheyareimportant.Theinputscantakesasnapshotoftheinputs,andsolvesthelogic.Thispreventspotentialproblemsthatmightoccurifaninputthatisusedinmultipleplacesintheladderlogicprogramchangedwhilehalfwaythroughaladderscan.Thuschangingthebehaviorsofhalfoftheladderlogicprogram.Thisproblemcouldhavesevereeffectsoncomplexprogramsthataredevelopedlaterinthebook.Onesideeffectoftheinputscanisthatifachangeininputistooshortinduration,itmightfallbetweeninputscansandbemissed.
WhenthePLCisinitiallyturnedonthenormaloutputswillbeturnedoff.Thisdoesnotaffectthevaluesoftheinputs.
3。
1TheInputandOutputScans
WhentheinputstothePLCarescannedthephysicalinputvaluesarecopiedintomemory.WhentheoutputstoaPLCarescannedtheyarecopiedfrommemorytothephysicaloutputs.Whentheladderlogicisscanneditusesthevaluesinmemory,nottheactualinputoroutputvalues.Theprimaryreasonfordoingthisissothatifaprogramusesaninputvalueinmultipleplaces,achangeintheinputvaluewillnotinvalidatethelogic.Also,ifoutputbitswerechangedaseachbitwaschanged,insteadofallatonceattheendofthescanthePLCwouldoperatemuchslower.
3。
2TheLogicScan
Ladderlogicprogramsaremodelledafterrelaylogic.Inrelaylogiceachelementintheladderwillswitchasquicklyaspossible.Butinaprogramelementscanonlybeexaminesoneatatimeinafixedsequence.ConsidertheladderlogicinFigure4,theladderlogicwillbeinterpretedleft-to-right,top-to-bottom.Inthefiguretheladderlogicscanbeginsatthetoprung.Attheendoftherungitinterpretsthetopoutputfirst,thentheoutputbranchedbelowit.Onthesecondrungitsolvesbranches,beforemovingalongtheladderlogicrung.
Figure4LadderLogicExecutionSequence
Thelogicscansequencebecomeimportantwhensolvingladderlogicprogramswhichuseoutputsasinputs.Itals