《泛读教程》IIIUnit6VocabularyChange.docx

《泛读教程》IIIUnit6VocabularyChange.docx

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《泛读教程》IIIUnit6VocabularyChange

《泛读教程》III_Unit_6_Vocabulary_Change

Unit6

TextI

VocabularyChange

Pre-readingquestions

1.Givethemeaningoftheunderlinedwordsdoubletandveal?

2.Givethemainideaofparagraph2,4,6,9and10（9+10=thelasttwo）

3.Whatarethecausesforborrowingwordsaccordingtothetext?

4.Howdopeopleadapttonewborrowedwords?

5.Whatchangesaremadeofthemeaningofborrowedwordsaccordingtothetext?

Borrowing

Borrowingisawayofaddingnewvocabularyitemstoalanguage.Speakersofalanguageoftenhavecontactwithspeakersofotherlanguage.Ifaspeakerofoneoftheselanguagesdoesnothaveareadilyavailablewordforsomethingintheworldandaspeakeroftheotherlanguagedoes,thefirstspeakeroftenborrowsthewordfromthesecondspeaker.ThefirstsettlersinNorthAmericahadcontactwiththeIndianswhohadalreadydevelopednamesforplacesandthingspeculiartotheNorthAmericancontinent.Consequently,thesettlersborrowedsuchwordsasMassachusetts,Wisconsin,Michigan,Illinois,Chicago,andMississippi,tomentionafewplace-namesonly.

AnotherlargegroupofwordscameintoEnglishasaresultofcontactthroughinvasion,inthiscasetheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066.VariouskindsofwordswereborrowedintoEnglish:

formattersofgovernmentlikecrown,country,duke,court,andprince;formattersoflawlikejudge,jury,crime,accuse,marry,andprove;formattersofwarlikebattle,arms,soldier,siege,danger,andmarch;andformattersofreligionlikeangel,saint,pray,save,blame,virtue,andvice.Then,too,todaywefindinterestingpairsofwordssuchascowandbeef,sheepandmutton,calfandveal,andpigandporkinwhichthefirstitem,thenameoftheanimal,isGermanicinoriginandtheseconditem,themeatoftheanimal,isaborrowingfromFrench.PerhapstheoccurrenceofsuchpairsreflectsasocietyinwhichtheconqueredEnglishmanraisedtheanimalsforthetableoftheconqueringNorman.

SeveralpointscanbemadeabouttheNormanConquest.First,theborrowingsfromFrenchdonotshowmuch,ifany,culturalsuperiorityintheinvaders.Secondly,althoughtheNormanswereconquerors,theyeventuallygaveuptheirFrenchtobecomespeakersofEnglish,justastheirancestorshadeventuallygivenuptheirGermaniclanguagewhentheyinvadedFrance.Thirdly,theborrowingsdonotshowthesameintimaterelationshipsbetweenconqueredandconquerorastheborrowingsthatresultedfromtheearlierDanishinvasionsoftheninthandtenthcenturies,when''everyday''wordssuchasegg,sky,gate,skin,skirt,skill,skull,scatter,sister,law,weak,give,take,call,andhit,andparticularlythepronounsthey,them,andtheir,andtheverbarewereborrowedfromtheDanishinvaders.

Thekindsofcontactspeakershavewitheachothermayoftenbejudgedfromtheparticular

itemsthatareborrowed.Forexample,EnglishhasborrowednumerouswordsfromFrenchhavingtodowithclothing,cosmetics,andluxurygoods,likeensemble,lingerie,suede,perfume,rouge,champagne,anddeluxe.FromGermanhavecomewordsassociatedwithfoodlikehamburgeranddelicatessen.FromItalianhavecomemusicalwordslikepiano,opera,solo,sonata,soprano,trombone,andserenade.FromvariousIndianlanguageshavecomewordsforonceexoticdressitemslikebandanna,sari,bangle,andpajamas.AndfromArabichavecomesomeinterestingwordsbeginningwithal-（theArabicdeterminer）:

alcohol,alchemy,almanac,andalgebra.

Ofcourse,LatinandGreekhaveprovidedEnglishwiththerichestresourceforborrowingmoreformallearnedrgenumbersofwordshavebeenborrowedintoEnglishfrombothlanguages,particularlylearnedpolysyllabicwords.NumerousdoubletsalsoexistinEnglish,thatis,wordsthathavebeenborrowedtwice,oncedirectlyfromLatin,andthesecondtimethroughanotherlanguage,mostoftenFrench:

LatinEnglishFrenchEnglish

magistermagistratemaitremaster

securussecuresursure

NorthAmericanEnglishshowsawidecontactwithotherlanguagesinitsborrowings:

French（levee,prairie）;Spanish（mesa,patio）;German（fatcakes,smearcase）;Dutch（coleslaw,cooky,stoop）;AmericanIndian（squash,moccasin,squaw,wigwam）;andvariousAfricanlanguages（banjo,gumbo,voodoo）.

Atdifferenttimesspeakersofcertainlanguageshaveshown（show）noticeableresistancetoborrowingwords,andtheyhavepreferredeithertoexploitnativeresourcesortoresorttoloantranslationsinstead.SuchanEnglishwordassupermanisaloantranslationoftheUbermenschjustasmarriageofconvenienceisaloantranslationoftheFrenchmariagedeconvenanceanditgoeswithoutsayingoftheFrenchcavasansdire.

Borrowingsarealsoassimilatedtodifferentdegrees.Sometimesaborrowingispronouncedinadecidedlyforeignwayforawhile,butitisusuallysoontreatedaccordingtonativesoundpatternsifitoccursfrequently.InEnglish,wordssuchasgarage,salon,masseur,ghoul,andhickory,borrowedfromavarietyofforeignlanguages,arepronouncedaccordingtothesoundsystemofEnglishandnotaccordingtothephonologicalrulesofthesourcelanguage.

Narrowingandwidening

Oneprocessinvolvesnarrowingthemeaningofawordsothatthewordachievesamorerestrictedmeaningoverthecourseoftime.Meatnowmeansaparticularkindoffood,notfoodingeneral,asitdoesinthefollowingquotationfromtheKingJamesversionof''Genesis'':

“AndGodsaid,Behold,Ihavegivenyoueveryherbbearingseed,whichisuponthefaceoftheearth,andeverytree,inwhichisthefruitofatreeyieldingseed;toyouitshallbeformeat.”Likewise,deernowreferstoaparticularkindofanimal,notanimalingeneral,asitdidinShakespeare'swords"ButmiceandratsandsuchsmalldeerhavebeenTom'sfoodforsevenlongyear."Wormnowreferstoaparticularkindofcrawlingcreature,notanycrawlingcreature,althoughsomeoftheoriginalmoregeneralmeaningiscontainedstillinslowworm,blindworm,andglowworm.Fowlandhoundrefertoparticularkindsofbirdanddogandwife,toaparticularkindofwoman.

However,inthecaseofthelastwordwecannoteamoregeneralmeaninginmidwife,wifeofBath,andperhapshousewife.Finally,NorthAmericansusethewordcorninanarrowmeaningtorefertomaize,whereastheBritishuseittorefertograiningeneral.Keats'Ruthstanding''amidthealiencorn''isnotstandinginafieldofmaize.

Theoppositeprocessiswideningofmeaning.Inthisprocessawordachievesamoregeneralmeaning.Thewordsbirdanddogoncereferredtospecifictypesofbirdsanddogs,nottothespeciesingeneral.Thewordvirtuedescribedacharacteristicassociatedwithmen,butnotwithwomen,justasonlywomencouldbesaidtobehysterical,sincemenwerenotpossessedofwombs（hysterabeingtheGreekwordfor''uterus''.Thewordsensibleoncemeant''sensitive'',asitstilldoesinFrench,andalibireferredtothefactthatapersonwaselsewherewhensomethinghappened,notthathehadsomekindofexcuseforsomething.

NotestoWordsandbackgroundknowledge

1.peculiarto:

particularto,specialto

2.Luxury:

verycomfortablesituationsurroundedbythebestandmostexpensivethings;sth

expensiveandenjoyablebutunnecessary;lavishness,sumptuousness,extravagance;luxurious;

（luxuriant）

3.Originate:

initiate,start,begin

4.Exotic:

foreign,alien,unusual

5.Resortto:

adopt,use

6.Exploit:

develop;makeuseof,makethemostof;takeadvantageof;abuse,misuse,ill-use

7.Assimilate:

absorb,takein,helpsomeonefeelthattheyarepartofacommunityandrather

thanculturefeelingforeign

8.Hysterical:

n.hysteria;behavinginanuncontrolledwaybecauseoneisextremelyexcited,

afraid,orupset

9.formattersof:

thingsrelatedwith;speakingof,withregardto

10.vice:

sin,crime

11.ensemble:

setofclothesworntogether,asawhole,alltogether,

12.lingerie:

nightgown;pajama

13.suede:

leatherwithasoftbrushedsurface

14.rouge:

blusher,makeup,lipstick

15.deluxe:

luxurious

16.delicatessen:

astorethatsellsgoodqualitycookedmeat,cheese,andfoodfromother

countries

17.sonata奏鸣曲

18.soprano：

女高音

19.trombone：

长号，拉管

20.serenade:

小夜曲

21.bandanna:

大头巾

22.sari：

莎丽

23.bangle：

bracelet;armlet;wristlet

24.alchemy：

炼金术，魔法

25.almanac：

日历，年鉴，历书

26.algebra：

代数

27.polysyllabic:

多音节的

28.doublet:

同源异形或义的同源词

29.levee:

dock,

30.prairie:

plain

31.mesa:

plateau,highland

32.patio:

terrace,yard,veranda,天井，院子

33.fatcakes

34.smearcase:

cottagecheese

35.coleslaw:

凉拌卷心菜

36.stoop：

游廊

37.squash:

西葫芦,2.〔英国〕果汁汽水

38.moccasin:

asoftleathershoewithaflatheel,（北美印地安人等穿的）鹿皮靴；硬底软（拖）鞋；

（南美）有毒水蛇；噬鱼蛇

39.squaw:

北美印地安女人，印第安人的妻子

40.wigwam:

talltentusedinthepastbysomenativeAmericansastheirhome（印第安人的）棚屋

41.banjo:

班卓琴

42.gumbo：

浓汤，秋葵荚

43.voodoo：

伏都教徒，黑人巫师

44.marriageofconvenience:

amarriageinwhichthepartnershavemarried,notbecausethey

loveeachother,butinordertoobtainsomebenefit,suchastherighttoliveintheotherpartner’scountry.

45.Decidedly:

definitely,absolutely

46.Salon:

hairsalon;beautysalon;rendezvous,get-together

47.masseur:

男按摩师

48.Ghoul:

1:

alegendaryevilbeingthatrobsgravesandfeedsoncorpses

2:

onesuggestiveofaghoul;especially:

onewhoshowsmorbidinterestinthingsconsideredshockingorrepulsive―ghoulishadjective;

―ghoulishlyadverb;―ghoulishnessnoun

Synonym:

ghost,phantom

49.Hickory:

aNorthAmericantreethatproducesnuts

NarrowingandWidening

50.Behold:

lookon

51.Likewise:

similarly

52.Slowworm:

蛇蜥

53.Blindworm:

蛇蜥

54.Glowworm:

萤火虫

55.uterus:

womb

56.wifeofBath:

见TheWifeofBath'sTale专页

57.theNormanConquest:

seealso《国概》

No