《泛读教程》IIIUnit6VocabularyChange.docx
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《泛读教程》IIIUnit6VocabularyChange
《泛读教程》III_Unit_6_Vocabulary_Change
Unit6
TextI
VocabularyChange
Pre-readingquestions
1.Givethemeaningoftheunderlinedwordsdoubletandveal?
2.Givethemainideaofparagraph2,4,6,9and10(9+10=thelasttwo)
3.Whatarethecausesforborrowingwordsaccordingtothetext?
4.Howdopeopleadapttonewborrowedwords?
5.Whatchangesaremadeofthemeaningofborrowedwordsaccordingtothetext?
Borrowing
Borrowingisawayofaddingnewvocabularyitemstoalanguage.Speakersofalanguageoftenhavecontactwithspeakersofotherlanguage.Ifaspeakerofoneoftheselanguagesdoesnothaveareadilyavailablewordforsomethingintheworldandaspeakeroftheotherlanguagedoes,thefirstspeakeroftenborrowsthewordfromthesecondspeaker.ThefirstsettlersinNorthAmericahadcontactwiththeIndianswhohadalreadydevelopednamesforplacesandthingspeculiartotheNorthAmericancontinent.Consequently,thesettlersborrowedsuchwordsasMassachusetts,Wisconsin,Michigan,Illinois,Chicago,andMississippi,tomentionafewplace-namesonly.
AnotherlargegroupofwordscameintoEnglishasaresultofcontactthroughinvasion,inthiscasetheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066.VariouskindsofwordswereborrowedintoEnglish:
formattersofgovernmentlikecrown,country,duke,court,andprince;formattersoflawlikejudge,jury,crime,accuse,marry,andprove;formattersofwarlikebattle,arms,soldier,siege,danger,andmarch;andformattersofreligionlikeangel,saint,pray,save,blame,virtue,andvice.Then,too,todaywefindinterestingpairsofwordssuchascowandbeef,sheepandmutton,calfandveal,andpigandporkinwhichthefirstitem,thenameoftheanimal,isGermanicinoriginandtheseconditem,themeatoftheanimal,isaborrowingfromFrench.PerhapstheoccurrenceofsuchpairsreflectsasocietyinwhichtheconqueredEnglishmanraisedtheanimalsforthetableoftheconqueringNorman.
SeveralpointscanbemadeabouttheNormanConquest.First,theborrowingsfromFrenchdonotshowmuch,ifany,culturalsuperiorityintheinvaders.Secondly,althoughtheNormanswereconquerors,theyeventuallygaveuptheirFrenchtobecomespeakersofEnglish,justastheirancestorshadeventuallygivenuptheirGermaniclanguagewhentheyinvadedFrance.Thirdly,theborrowingsdonotshowthesameintimaterelationshipsbetweenconqueredandconquerorastheborrowingsthatresultedfromtheearlierDanishinvasionsoftheninthandtenthcenturies,when''everyday''wordssuchasegg,sky,gate,skin,skirt,skill,skull,scatter,sister,law,weak,give,take,call,andhit,andparticularlythepronounsthey,them,andtheir,andtheverbarewereborrowedfromtheDanishinvaders.
Thekindsofcontactspeakershavewitheachothermayoftenbejudgedfromtheparticular
itemsthatareborrowed.Forexample,EnglishhasborrowednumerouswordsfromFrenchhavingtodowithclothing,cosmetics,andluxurygoods,likeensemble,lingerie,suede,perfume,rouge,champagne,anddeluxe.FromGermanhavecomewordsassociatedwithfoodlikehamburgeranddelicatessen.FromItalianhavecomemusicalwordslikepiano,opera,solo,sonata,soprano,trombone,andserenade.FromvariousIndianlanguageshavecomewordsforonceexoticdressitemslikebandanna,sari,bangle,andpajamas.AndfromArabichavecomesomeinterestingwordsbeginningwithal-(theArabicdeterminer):
alcohol,alchemy,almanac,andalgebra.
Ofcourse,LatinandGreekhaveprovidedEnglishwiththerichestresourceforborrowingmoreformallearnedrgenumbersofwordshavebeenborrowedintoEnglishfrombothlanguages,particularlylearnedpolysyllabicwords.NumerousdoubletsalsoexistinEnglish,thatis,wordsthathavebeenborrowedtwice,oncedirectlyfromLatin,andthesecondtimethroughanotherlanguage,mostoftenFrench:
LatinEnglishFrenchEnglish
magistermagistratemaitremaster
securussecuresursure
NorthAmericanEnglishshowsawidecontactwithotherlanguagesinitsborrowings:
French(levee,prairie);Spanish(mesa,patio);German(fatcakes,smearcase);Dutch(coleslaw,cooky,stoop);AmericanIndian(squash,moccasin,squaw,wigwam);andvariousAfricanlanguages(banjo,gumbo,voodoo).
Atdifferenttimesspeakersofcertainlanguageshaveshown(show)noticeableresistancetoborrowingwords,andtheyhavepreferredeithertoexploitnativeresourcesortoresorttoloantranslationsinstead.SuchanEnglishwordassupermanisaloantranslationoftheUbermenschjustasmarriageofconvenienceisaloantranslationoftheFrenchmariagedeconvenanceanditgoeswithoutsayingoftheFrenchcavasansdire.
Borrowingsarealsoassimilatedtodifferentdegrees.Sometimesaborrowingispronouncedinadecidedlyforeignwayforawhile,butitisusuallysoontreatedaccordingtonativesoundpatternsifitoccursfrequently.InEnglish,wordssuchasgarage,salon,masseur,ghoul,andhickory,borrowedfromavarietyofforeignlanguages,arepronouncedaccordingtothesoundsystemofEnglishandnotaccordingtothephonologicalrulesofthesourcelanguage.
Narrowingandwidening
Oneprocessinvolvesnarrowingthemeaningofawordsothatthewordachievesamorerestrictedmeaningoverthecourseoftime.Meatnowmeansaparticularkindoffood,notfoodingeneral,asitdoesinthefollowingquotationfromtheKingJamesversionof''Genesis'':
“AndGodsaid,Behold,Ihavegivenyoueveryherbbearingseed,whichisuponthefaceoftheearth,andeverytree,inwhichisthefruitofatreeyieldingseed;toyouitshallbeformeat.”Likewise,deernowreferstoaparticularkindofanimal,notanimalingeneral,asitdidinShakespeare'swords"ButmiceandratsandsuchsmalldeerhavebeenTom'sfoodforsevenlongyear."Wormnowreferstoaparticularkindofcrawlingcreature,notanycrawlingcreature,althoughsomeoftheoriginalmoregeneralmeaningiscontainedstillinslowworm,blindworm,andglowworm.Fowlandhoundrefertoparticularkindsofbirdanddogandwife,toaparticularkindofwoman.
However,inthecaseofthelastwordwecannoteamoregeneralmeaninginmidwife,wifeofBath,andperhapshousewife.Finally,NorthAmericansusethewordcorninanarrowmeaningtorefertomaize,whereastheBritishuseittorefertograiningeneral.Keats'Ruthstanding''amidthealiencorn''isnotstandinginafieldofmaize.
Theoppositeprocessiswideningofmeaning.Inthisprocessawordachievesamoregeneralmeaning.Thewordsbirdanddogoncereferredtospecifictypesofbirdsanddogs,nottothespeciesingeneral.Thewordvirtuedescribedacharacteristicassociatedwithmen,butnotwithwomen,justasonlywomencouldbesaidtobehysterical,sincemenwerenotpossessedofwombs(hysterabeingtheGreekwordfor''uterus''.Thewordsensibleoncemeant''sensitive'',asitstilldoesinFrench,andalibireferredtothefactthatapersonwaselsewherewhensomethinghappened,notthathehadsomekindofexcuseforsomething.
NotestoWordsandbackgroundknowledge
1.peculiarto:
particularto,specialto
2.Luxury:
verycomfortablesituationsurroundedbythebestandmostexpensivethings;sth
expensiveandenjoyablebutunnecessary;lavishness,sumptuousness,extravagance;luxurious;
(luxuriant)
3.Originate:
initiate,start,begin
4.Exotic:
foreign,alien,unusual
5.Resortto:
adopt,use
6.Exploit:
develop;makeuseof,makethemostof;takeadvantageof;abuse,misuse,ill-use
7.Assimilate:
absorb,takein,helpsomeonefeelthattheyarepartofacommunityandrather
thanculturefeelingforeign
8.Hysterical:
n.hysteria;behavinginanuncontrolledwaybecauseoneisextremelyexcited,
afraid,orupset
9.formattersof:
thingsrelatedwith;speakingof,withregardto
10.vice:
sin,crime
11.ensemble:
setofclothesworntogether,asawhole,alltogether,
12.lingerie:
nightgown;pajama
13.suede:
leatherwithasoftbrushedsurface
14.rouge:
blusher,makeup,lipstick
15.deluxe:
luxurious
16.delicatessen:
astorethatsellsgoodqualitycookedmeat,cheese,andfoodfromother
countries
17.sonata奏鸣曲
18.soprano:
女高音
19.trombone:
长号,拉管
20.serenade:
小夜曲
21.bandanna:
大头巾
22.sari:
莎丽
23.bangle:
bracelet;armlet;wristlet
24.alchemy:
炼金术,魔法
25.almanac:
日历,年鉴,历书
26.algebra:
代数
27.polysyllabic:
多音节的
28.doublet:
同源异形或义的同源词
29.levee:
dock,
30.prairie:
plain
31.mesa:
plateau,highland
32.patio:
terrace,yard,veranda,天井,院子
33.fatcakes
34.smearcase:
cottagecheese
35.coleslaw:
凉拌卷心菜
36.stoop:
游廊
37.squash:
西葫芦,2.〔英国〕果汁汽水
38.moccasin:
asoftleathershoewithaflatheel,(北美印地安人等穿的)鹿皮靴;硬底软(拖)鞋;
(南美)有毒水蛇;噬鱼蛇
39.squaw:
北美印地安女人,印第安人的妻子
40.wigwam:
talltentusedinthepastbysomenativeAmericansastheirhome(印第安人的)棚屋
41.banjo:
班卓琴
42.gumbo:
浓汤,秋葵荚
43.voodoo:
伏都教徒,黑人巫师
44.marriageofconvenience:
amarriageinwhichthepartnershavemarried,notbecausethey
loveeachother,butinordertoobtainsomebenefit,suchastherighttoliveintheotherpartner’scountry.
45.Decidedly:
definitely,absolutely
46.Salon:
hairsalon;beautysalon;rendezvous,get-together
47.masseur:
男按摩师
48.Ghoul:
1:
alegendaryevilbeingthatrobsgravesandfeedsoncorpses
2:
onesuggestiveofaghoul;especially:
onewhoshowsmorbidinterestinthingsconsideredshockingorrepulsive―ghoulishadjective;
―ghoulishlyadverb;―ghoulishnessnoun
Synonym:
ghost,phantom
49.Hickory:
aNorthAmericantreethatproducesnuts
NarrowingandWidening
50.Behold:
lookon
51.Likewise:
similarly
52.Slowworm:
蛇蜥
53.Blindworm:
蛇蜥
54.Glowworm:
萤火虫
55.uterus:
womb
56.wifeofBath:
见TheWifeofBath'sTale专页
57.theNormanConquest:
seealso《国概》
No