认知语言学讲稿.docx

认知语言学讲稿.docx

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认知语言学讲稿

ABriefIntroductiontoCognitiveLinguistics

Self-introduction

♦Fellowshipsandaffiliations

♦Currentfieldsofinterests

♦Educationalbackground

♦Majorpublications

汪少华

♦语言学博士,教授，博士生导师

中国功能语言学研究会理事

♦中国认知语言学研究会副秘书长，常务理事

♦南京师范大学外国语学院英语系主任

♦主要研究兴趣:

语言学、隐喻学、语用学和语言教学研究等

EducationalBackground

♦1996-1999,M.A.EastChinaNormalUniversity

♦Socio-linguistics,LanguageTeaching

♦ 1999-2002,Ph.D.FudanUniversity

♦Functionallinguistics,Pragmatics,Cognitivelinguistics,CognitivePoetics,CognitiveScience

♦ 2002-2005,Post-doctoralresearcher,DepartmentofChineseLanguageandLiterature,NanjingNormalUniversity

♦CorpusLinguistics,ContrastiveStudiesofChineseandEnglish,MachineTranslation

♦Publications

MainContents

♦1.Introduction

♦2.ConceptualMetaphorTheory

♦3.ImageSchemaTheory

♦4.ConceptualBlendingTheory

♦5.CognitiveGrammar

SomeAssumptions

♦1.    Cognitivesemanticsisnosodifficultasitsounds.

♦Metaphorsweliveby

♦Blendingisthewaywethink.

♦2.    Thisisasurveyofsurvey—briefintroductiontoCMT,CBT,CG,IST,PTT

♦3.    SinceCSisanewdiscipline,mostofthequestionsareopen.Everyonecancontributealittletoitinsomewayorother.

♦4. Abirdinthehandisworththantwointhebush.

5.    Interactiveprocess:

wemaydiscusssomeproblemstogetherviamyemail（addresss:

wshdaniel@）

♦ 

MajorReferences

Evaluation（TermPaper）

Metaphormania

♦Metaphoristhehallmarkofgenius.

Scholars:

GeorgeLakoff,GillesFauconnier,MarkTurner,MarkJohnson,RonaldW.Langacker,JohnTaylor,etc.

Lectures

Conferences

ScopeofCognitiveLinguistics

1.  Whatissemantics?

⏹Definition:

Semanticsisthescientificstudyofmeaninginlanguage.

2. Differentapproachestosemantics

1） Philosophy

⏹Austin:

Performativesandspeechacts

⏹Strawson:

presupposition

⏹Grice:

implicature

2） Logic:

truth-conditionsemantics

3） Anthropology

⏹Malinowski:

theoryofcontextofsituation

⏹Kinshipsemantics:

componentialanalysis

4） Psychology:

Howweprocesslanguageinitsproductionandreception

⏹Behavourism:

stimulus-response

⏹Mentalism:

interpretivesemantics;generativesemantics

⏹Examples:

3.Cognitivescience

⏹Cognitivescience:

Cognitivescienceisthescientificdisciplinethatstudiesconceptualsystems.Itisarelativelynewdiscipline,havingbeenfoundedinthe1970s.

4.Theterm“Cognitive”

⏹Cognitive:

Incognitivescience,thetermcognitiveisusedforanykindofmentaloperationorstructurethatcanbestudiedinpreciseterms.Allaspectsofthoughtandlanguage,consciousorunconscious,arecognitive.

5.First-generationcognitivescience

⏹First-generationcognitivescienceevolvedinthe1950sand1960s,centeringonideasaboutsymboliccomputation.Itacceptedwithoutquestiontheprevailingviewthatreasonwasdisembodiedandliteral__asinformallogicorthemanipulationofasystemofsigns.

6.Second-generationcognitivescience

⏹Itisfoundedinthe1970s.

⏹Itfocusesonunconsciousconceptualsystems.

7.Cognitivelinguistics

⏹Cognitivelinguistics

⏹Definition:

Cognitivelinguisticsisalinguistictheorythatseekstousethediscoveriesofsecond-generationcognitivesciencetoexplainasmuchoflanguageaspossible.

8.AssumptionofCognitiveLinguistics

⏹Conceptsareneuralstructuresthatallowustomentallycharacterizeourcategoriesandreasonaboutit.Anembodiedconceptisaneuralstructurethatisactuallypartof,ormakesuseof,thesensorimotorsystemofourbrain.Muchofconceptualinferenceis,therefore,sensorimotorinference.

⏹Languageisoneofourmostimportantwindowsintotheworkingsofthemind.Itisnottheonlywindow,butitisthesourceofavastmajorityoftheevidenceaboutcognition.

⏹Thegrammarofalanguageconsistsofthehighlystructuredneuralconnectionslinkingtheconceptualandexpressive（phonological）aspectsofthebrain.

9.  Whatiscognitivesemantics?

⏹Definition:

cognitivesemanticsstudieshumanconceptualsystems,meaning,andinference.Inshort,itstudieshumanreason.

10.Themostbasicresults:

⏹Conceptsarisesfrom,andareunderstoodthrough,thebody,thebrain,andtheexperienceintheworld.

⏹Conceptscruciallymakeuseofimaginativeaspectsofmind:

frames,metaphor,metonymy,prototypes,radialcategories,mentalspaces,andconceptualblending.Abstractconceptsariseviametaphoricalprojectionsfrommoredirectlyembodiedconcepts（e.g.,perceptualandmotorconcepts）.

⏹Suchembodiedmechanismsofconceptualizationandthoughtarehiddenfromourconsciousness,buttheystructureourexperienceandareconstitutiveofwhatwedoconsciouslyexperience.

11.Traditionalfalseassumptions

❿Alleverydayconventionallanguageisliteral,andnoneismetaphorical.

❿Allsubjectmattercanbecomprehendedliterally,withoutmetaphor.

❿Onlyliterallanguagecanbecontingentlytrueorfalse.

❿Alldefinitionsgiveninthelexiconofalanguageareliteral,notmetaphorical.

❿Theconceptsusedinthegrammarofalanguageareallliteral;nonearemetaphorical.

Theevidencefortheexistenceofasystemofconventionalconceptualmetaphorsisoffivetypes:

⏹-Generalizationsgoverningpolysemy,thatis,theuseofwordswithanumberofrelatedmeanings.

⏹-Generalizationsgoverninginferencepatterns,thatis,caseswhereapatternofinferencesfromoneconceptualdomainisusedinanotherdomain.

⏹-Generalizationsgoverningnovelmetaphoricallanguage（see,Lakoff&Turner,1989）.

⏹-Generalizationsgoverningpatternsofsemanticchange（see,Sweetser,1990）.

⏹-Psycholinguisticexperiments（see,Gibbs,1990,thisvolume）.

⏹Cognitivelinguistics（CL）:

anintroduction

⏹Prototypesandcategories

⏹Levelsofcategorization

⏹Frames

⏹Figureandground

⏹Conceptualmetaphorsandmetonymies

⏹OtherissuesinCL

12.CognitiveLinguistics:

anIntroduction

⏹WhatisCLandwheredoesitfitin?

⏹Thetermcognitive:

⏹‚Cognitivemeansrelatingtothementalprocessinvolvedinknowing,learning,andunderstandingthings.‘（COBUILD）

⏹Inthatmanymodernlinguistsrecognizethatlanguageknowledgeresidesinthemindsofspeakerstheymightbesaidtopractice‚cognitive‘linguistics

⏹Chomskyanlinguisticsas‚cognitivelinguistics‘andthe‚cognitiveturn‘inlinguistics

⏹SyntacticStructures（Chomsky1957）,AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax（Chomsky1965）:

grammarexistsinspeakers‘minds;innateUG;languageasautonomouscomponentofthemind:

knowledgeoflanguageformsanautonomousmodule/facultyindependentofothermentalprocesses

⏹CognitiveLinguistics:

definitionsanddescriptions

⏹„[A]descriptivelabelforaratherbroadmovementwithinmodernlinguistics.Itincludesavarietyofapproaches,methodologies,andemphases,whichare,however,unifiedbyanumberofcommonassumptions.Foremostamongtheseisthebeliefthatlanguageformsanintegralpartofhumancognition,andthatanyinsightfulanalysisoflinguisticphenomenawillneedtobeembeddedinwhatisknownabouthumancognitiveabilities.“（Taylor2002:

3f.）

⏹„Cognitivelinguistics[…]isanapproachtolanguagethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.“（Ungerer&Schmid1996:

x）

⏹InCLresearchisshapedfromtheoutsetbywhatisbelievedtobecognitivelyplausible.Languageasanintegralpartofcognition:

studyoflanguageinlightofwhatisknownaboutthemind（experimentation,introspection,common-senseobservation）

⏹„CognitiveLinguistsstudymuchthesamekindofthingsasanyotherlinguist–syntax,morphology,phonology,wordmeaning,discoursestructure[…].ButthegeneralthrustoftheCognitiveLinguisticsenterpriseistorendertheseaccountsconsonantwithaspectsofcognitionwhicharewelldocumentedorself-evident,oratleasthighlyplausible,andwhichmaywellbemanifestedinnon-linguisticactivities.“（Taylor2002:

9）

⏹Threemain‘topics’/approaches:

experientialism,prominence,attention

1.Experientialism（vsobjectivism）

Experientialismrejectsthebasicbeliefofobjectivismthatcategoriesexistinobjectivereality,togetherwiththeirpropertiesandrelations,independentlyofourconsciousness.Symbolsoflanguagearemeaningfulbecausetheyareassociatedwiththeseobjectivecategories.Threedoctrinesofobjectivismthatarerefuted:

•Thedoctrineoftruth-conditionalmeaning:

Meaningisbasedonreference+truth

•The‘correspondence’theoryoftruth:

Truthconsistsinthecorrespondencebetweensymbolsandstates-of-affairsintheworld

•Thedoctrineofobjectivereference:

thereisan‘objectivelycorrect’waytoassociatesymbolswiththingsintheworld.

Instead,experientialismsuggeststhat“ourbodilyexperienceandthewayweuseimaginativemechanismsarecentraltohowweconstructcategoriestomakesenseofexperience.”（Lakoff1987:

xii）

2.Prominence:

selectionandarrangementofinformation

3.Attention:

whichaspectofaneventattractsattention

WhystudyCL?

⏹1）oneofthemostrecentapproacheswithinlinguistics,

⏹2）unifiedcognitiveexplanationoflanguage,

⏹3）applicabletoTEFL

ThirtyyearsofCL

threelandmarksinthehistoryofCL

⏹1975-1977

theearlybeginnings:

Talmy1975onfigure/ground

Langacker1976onCognitiveGrammar

Lakoff1977on‘gestalt’models

ThirtyyearsofCL

threelandmarksinthehistoryofCL

⏹1987-1989

enteringtheinternationalscene:

1987Langacker:

FoundationsofCognitiveGrammar

1987Lakoff:

Women,Fire&DangerousThings

1988Rudzka-Ostyn（ed.）,TopicsinCL

19891stIntlCognitiveLinguisticsConference

1989launchingCognitiveLinguistics,thejournal

ThirtyyearsofCL

threel