厦门大学 阅读及英美文学语言学基础真题.docx
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厦门大学阅读及英美文学语言学基础真题
机密★启用前和使用过程中
厦门大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
入学考试试题
科目代码:
814
科目名称:
阅读及英美文学、语言学基础
招生专业:
英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言
考生须知:
答题书写须使用黑(蓝)色字迹钢笔、签字笔或圆珠笔;各类答案(包括选择题、填空题)均须写在答题纸上规定处,不得直接在试卷(试题纸)或草稿纸上作答;凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分,后果考生自负。
PartOneReadingComprehension70points
Passage1
In1575—over400yearsago—theFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedaleanedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistime,whatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare.
Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironment,upsetheclimate,damagehumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangry,hungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue.
Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochoicetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolution,buthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forus,trendisnotdestiny.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges.
Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbythehumanbrain,modernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthrates,thepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologicaloftheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughs,butbypublicawarenessofconsequences.
Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass—witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviourcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviourandgenesonapopulationscale.
Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochangetheorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives.
1.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph1?
A)Futurewillalwaysbeworseoffthanpresent
B)Worryaboutfutureseemstobeinheritedinhumanbeings.
C)Itisunnecessarytoworryaboutfuture
D)Itisjustifiedtoworryaboutfuture
2.Accordingtothereadingselection,ifpresenttrendscontinue,whichoneofthefollowingsituationswillnotoccur?
A)Anoverpopulatedearthwillbeunabletosustainitsinhabitants.
B)Therichwillbecomericherandthepoorwillbecomepoorer.
C)Newsourcesofenergyformvastcoaldepositswillbesubstitutedforthesoon-to-be-exhaustedresourcesofoilandnaturalgas
D)Theeffectsofpollutionwillrendertheearthanditsatmosphereathreattomankind.
3.Thebestillustrationofthemeaningof“trendisnotdestiny”inPara.3is______.
A)humanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution
B)theworldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbyhumanbrain
C)criticalprocessedcanovershootandcausecatastrophes
D)theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted
4.Accordingtothepassage,evidencesoftheinsightofthepublicintodangerwhichsurrounduscanbefoundinallofthefollowingexcept______.
A)adeclineinbirthrate
B)oppositiontotheuseofpesticides
C)publicmeetingstocomplainaboutdumpingchemicalsinpowerproductionandenergyuse
D)anincreaseinthemilitarybudgetbythepresident
5.Theauthorisinfavouriftheopinionthat______.
A)nuclearweaponswon’tplayaprominentroleindealingsamongpeople
B)peoplefeelpowerlesswhenconfrontedwiththesuddenreversaloftrendcausedbyscientificadvances
C)modernscientistsandthepublicareconsciousofthefuturedangersandreadytotake
D)ourtimeischaracterizedbythetrendofrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologywhichisinevitableandirreversible
Passage2
Whentheprivateautomobilebegantoarriveonthesceneearlyinthiscentury,mosturbanandruralareasenjoyedratheradequatepublictransitsystems.Infact,theelectrictram—hereinthiscountrycalledstreetcarortrolley—wasconqueringtheworld.Itwasclearlyatimetorecognizeandappreciateagoodthingwhenonesawis.Andgoodtheywere,thoseelectricstreetrailways.
Wecouldconsiderforeverastowhethertheauthoritiesstoppedtothinkhardenoughabouttheimplicationsoftheprivatecar,whichwasinitiallyintendedonlyforthedistinguished.Iftheyhad,theircorrectconclusioncouldhardlyhavebeenanythingelsebutsevereshrinkageifnotatotalprohibition.Nothingofthesortdidhappen,andthedisastrousconsequenceshavebeenwithuseversince—andtheyaregettingworseallthetime.
Whilefeelingsorryforthisdevelopment,mostcommentatorstakeforgrantedthatitistoolatetoreversethiscourseofevents;thecostswouldbeprohibitive,toomanypeoplewouldresist,andwewouldbeleftwithwpermanentfeelingofregretandshameforallthewastedresources,human,monetaryandnatural,ifweshouldhavetostartallover.
Nevertheless,anoppositeviewpresentsitself.Thoughitwouldhavebeenvastlypreferableifgovernmentshadalwayspaidattentiontotheoldsaying,“Toruleistoforesee”,thetrendinthiscenturyhasbeen“Seeingisbelieving”.Iftheprivatecarhadbeenstoppedsuddenly,peoplewouldhavecontinuedtothirstforit,refusingtobelievethattravelingbycarsimplycouldnotworkonanylargescale.Sothelesson,howevercostlyithasbeen,maybeseenashistoricallyunavoidableamongpeoplewhoarelessthanperfect.
Havingcometothisconclusion,weoughttobeginimmediatelywithagradualwithdrawalofprivateautosinfavourofpublictransitvehicles.Oneparticularobstaclemustbeovercomeinthiseffort:
thefalseideathatweneedmasstransitonlyduringrushhours,andthatcarsarenoprobleminthequietoftheday.
Inmyopinion,masstransitshouldbebuiltupasrapidlyaspossibletobecomesoattractivethatmoreandmorepeoplewilldecideforreplacingtheircarswhenthetimeisup,for,ashasbeenstressedinmuchoftheliteratureonthesubject,today’spopulationhasnotreallychosenthem.Instead,forlackofanalternative,theautowasforcedonus.
6.Theauthorconsidersthedisastrousconsequencesbroughtaboutbytheprivatecarasunavoidablebecause_______.
A)itistoolatetoreversethedevelopmentoftheprivatecar
B)manypeoplewillresistthischangebecauseofalltheresourceswasted
C)peoplewillnotdiscardtheprivatecaruntiltheyareawareofitsgraveside
D)thegovernmentfailedtopayattentiontotheoldsaying:
“Toruleistoforesee”.
7.Whentheprivateautomobilecameintobeingearlyinthiscentury,________.
A)theauthoritiesdidnotthinkhardenoughaboutitsimplications
B)theauthoritiesgaveuptheirinitialoppositiontothistransportationmeans
C)thepublictransitsystemcouldnolongermeettheever-increasingdemandsofthepublic
D)theelectrictramwasalreadyonthedeclineinfaceofthemoreadvancedtransitmeans
8.WhentheauthorsayinParagraph3“Iftheyhad,theircorrectconclusioncouldhardlyhavebeenanythingelsebutsevereshrinkageifnotatotalprohibition.”,hemeans_______.
A)theauthoritieswererightintheissueofprivatecars.
B)itwaswrongtogetridofprivatecars.
C)itistimetoprohibitprivatecars.
D)theauthoritiesmadecorrectdecisionsaboutprivatecars.
9.Theword“perfect”(inPara.4)mostprobablymeans_________.
A)accurateB)faultlessC)skilfulD)ultimate
10.Intheauthor’sopinion,thegeneralpublicareusingtheprivatecarbecause_________.
A)theythinkitisnoprobleminthequietoftheday
B)thereishardlyenoughpublictransitavailableinmostareas
C)itpresentsanirresistibleattractiontothem
D)theydonothaveasatisfactorysubstitute
Passage3
Within80years,somescientistsestimate,theworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofscience,wehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexplored—theoceandepths.Thus,wemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry.
Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersalone,enoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinforonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreeding,notinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder,butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsidered,theanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:
Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromthesea,whichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupply.Privateindustr