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高级英语第一册lesson3shipsinthedesert课文
高级英语第一册lesson3shipsinthedesert课文
ShipsintheDesert
ALGore
Iwasstandinginthesunonthehotsteeldeckofafishing
shipcapableofprocessingafifty-toncatchonagoodday.Butitwasn'ta
goodday.Wewereanchoredinwhatusedtobethemostproductive
fishingsiteinallofcentralAsia,butasIlookedoutoverthebow,the
prospectsofagoodcatchlookedbleak.Wherethereshouldhavebeen
gentleblue-greenwaveslappingagainstthesideoftheship,therewas
nothingbuthotdrysand–asfarasIcouldseeinalldirections.Theother
shipsofthefleetwerealsoatrestinthesand,scatteredinthedunes
thatstretchedallthewaytothehorizon.TenyearsagotheAralwasthe
fourth-largestinlandseaintheworld,comparabletothelargestofNorth
America'sGreatLakes.Nowitisdisappearingbecausethewaterthatused
tofeedithasbeendivertedinanill-consideredirrigationschemetogrow
cottonIntheusert.Thenewshorelinewasalmostfortykilometersacross
thesandfromwherethefishingfleetwasnowpermanentlydocked.
Meanwhile,inthenearbytownofMuynakthepeoplewerestillcanningfish
–broughtnotfromtheAralSeabutshippedbyrailthroughSiberiafrom
thePacificOcean,morethanathousandmilesaway.
Mysearchfortheunderlyingcausesoftheenvironmentalcrisis
hasledmetotravelaroundtheworldtoexamineandstudymanyofthese
imagesofdestruction.Attheverybottomoftheearth,highinthe
Trans-AntarcticMountains,withthesunglaringatmidnightthroughahole
inthesky,Istoodintheunbelievablecoldnessandtalkedwithascientist
inthelatetallof1988aboutthetunnelhewasdiggingthroughtime.
Slippinghisparkabacktorevealabadlyburnedfacethatwascrackedand
peeling,hepointedtotheannuallayersoficeinacoresampledugfromthe
glacieronwhichwewerestanding.Hemovedhisfingerbackintimetothe
iceoftwodecadesago."Here'swheretheU.SCongresspassedtheClean
AirAct,”hesaid.Atthebottomoftheworld,twocontinentsawayfrom
Washington,D.C.,evenasmallreductioninonecountry'semissionshad
changedtheamountofpollutionfoundintheremotestendleastaccessible
placeonearth.
Butthemostsignificantchangethusfarintheearth's
atmosphereistheonethatbeganwiththeindustrialrevolutionearlyinthe
lastcenturyandhaspickedupspeedeversince.Industrymeantcoal,and
lateroil,andwebegantoburnlotsofit–bringingrisinglevelsofcarbon
dioxide(CO2),withitsabilitytotrapmoreheatintheatmosphereand
slowlywarmtheearth.FewerthanahundredyardsfromtheSouthPole,
upwindfromtheicerunwaywheretheskiplanelandsandkeepsitsengines
runningtopreventthemetalpartsfromfreeze-lockingtogether,
scientistsmonitortheairseveraltimeseverydaytochartthecourseof
thatinexorablechange.Duringmyvisit,Iwatchedonescientistdrawthe
resultsofthatday'smeasurements,pushingtheendofasteeplinestill
higheronthegraph.Hetoldmehoweasyitis–thereattheendofthe
earth–toseethatthisenormouschangeintheglobalatmosphereisstill
pickingupspeed.
TwoandahalfyearslaterIsleptunderthemidnightsunatthe
otherendofourplanet,inasmalltentpitchedonatwelve-toot-thickslab
oficefloatinginthefrigidArcticOcean.Afteraheartybreakfast,my
companionsandItraveledbysnowmobilesafewmilesfarthernorthtoa
rendezvouspointwheretheicewasthinner–onlythreeandahalffeet
thick–andanuclearsubmarinehoveredinthewaterbelow.Afterit
crashedthroughtheice,tookonitsnewpassengers,andresubmerged,I
talkedwithscientistswhoweretryingtomeasuremoreaccuratelythe
thicknessofthepolaricecap,whichmanybelieveisthinningasare-suitof
globalwarming.Ihadjustnegotiatedanagreementbetweenicescientists
andtheU.S.Navytosecurethereleaseofpreviouslytopsecretdata
fromsubmarinesonartracks,datathatcouldhelpthemlearnwhatis
happeningtothenorthpolarcap.Now,Iwantedtoseethepoleit-self,and
someeighthoursafterwemetthesubmarine,wewerecrashingthrough
thatice,surfacing,andthenIwasstandinginaneerilybeautifulsnowcape,
windsweptandsparklingwhite,withthehorizondefinedbylittle
hummocks,or"pressureridges"oficethatarepushedupliketiny
mountainrangeswhenseparatesheetscollide.Butheretoo,CD,levelsare
risingjustasrapidly,andultimatelytemperaturewillrisewiththem
indeed,globalwarmingisexpectedtopushtemperaturesupmuchmore
rapidlyinthepolarregionsthanintherestoftheworld.Asthepolarair
warms,theiceherewillthin;andsincethepolarcapplayssuchacrucial
roleintheworld'sweathersystem,theconsequencesofathinningcap
couldbedisastrous.
Consideringsuchscenariosisnotapurelyspeculativeexercise.
SixmonthsafterIreturnedfromtheNorthPole,ateamofscientists
reporteddramaticchangesinthepatternoficedistributionintheArctic,
andasecondteamreportedastillcontroversialclaim(whichavarietyof
datanowsuggest)that,overall,thenorthpolarcaphasthinnedby2per
centinjustthelastdecade.Moreover,scientistsestablishedseveral
yearsagothatinmanylandareasnorthoftheArcticCircle,thespring
snowmeltnowcomesearliereveryyear,anddeepinthetundrabelow,the
temperatureeoftheearthissteadilyrising.
Asithappens,someofthemostdisturbingimagesof
environmentaldestructioncanbefoundexactlyhalfwaybetweenthe
–
NorthandSouthpoles–preciselyattheequatorinBrazil–wherebillowing
cloudsofsmokeregularlyblackentheskyabovetheimmensebutnow
threatenedAmazonrainforest.Acrebyacre,therainforestisbeing
burnedtocreatefastpastureforfast-foodbeef;asIlearnedwhenI
wentthereinearly1989,thefiresaresetearlierandearlierinthedry
seasonnow,withmorethanoneTennessee'sworthofrainforestbeing
slashedandburnedeachyear.Accordingtoourguide,thebiologistTom
Lovejoy,therearemoredifferentspeciesofbirdsineachsquaremileof
theAmazonthanexistinallofNorthAmerica–whichmeansweare
silencingthousandsofsongswehaveneverevenheard.
Butonedoesn'thavetotravelaroundtheworldtowitness
humankind'sassaultontheearth.Imagesthatsignalthedistressofour
globalenvironmentarenowcommonlyseenalmostanywhere.Onsome
nights,inhighnorthernlatitudes,theskyitselfoffersanotherghostly
imagethatsignalsthelossofecologicalbalancenowinprogress.Ifthesky
isclearaftersunset--andifyouarewatchingfromaplacewherepollution
hasn'tblottedoutthenightskyaltogether--youcansometimesseea
strangekindofcloudhighinthesky.This"noctilucentcloud"occasionally
appearswhentheearthisfirstcloakedintheeveningdarkness;
shimmeringaboveuswithatranslucentwhiteness,thesecloudsseemquite
unnatural.Andtheyshould:
noctilucentcloudshavebeguntoappearmore
oftenbecauseofahugebuildupofmethanegasintheatmosphere.(Also
callednaturalgas,methaneisreleasedfromlandfills,fromcoalminesand
ricepaddies,frombillionsoftermitesthatswarmthroughthefreshlycut
forestland,fromtheburningofbiomassandfromavarietyofotherhuman
activities.)Eventhoughnoctilucentcloudsweresometimesseeninthe
past.,allthisextramethanecarriesmorewatervaporintotheupper
atmosphere,whereitcondensesatmuchhigheraltitudestoformmore
cloudsthatthesun'sraysstillstrikelongaftersunsethasbroughtthe
beginningofnighttothesurfacefarbeneaththem.
Whatshouldwefeeltowardtheseghostsinthesky?
Simple
wonderorthemixofemotionswefeelatthezoo?
Perhapsweshouldfeel
aweforourownpower:
justasmen"teartusksfromelephants
suchquantityastothreatenthebeastwithextinction,weareripping
matterfromitsplaceintheearthinsuchvolumeastoupsetthebalance
betweendaylightanddarkness.Intheprocess,weareonceagainaddingto
thethreatofglobalwarming,becausemethanehasbeenoneofthe
fastest-growinggreen-housegases,andisthirdonlytocarbondioxideand
watervaporintotalvolume,changingthechemistryoftheupper
atmosphere.But,withoutevenconsideringthatthreat,shouldn'titstartle
usthatwehavenowputthesecloudsintheeveningskywhichglistenwitha
spectrallight?
Orhaveoureyesadjustedsocompletelytothebright
lightsofcivilizationthatwecan'tseethesecloudsforwhattheyare
physicalmanifestationoftheviolentcollisionbetweenhumancivilization
andtheearth?
Eventhoughitissometimeshardtoseetheirmeaning,wehaveby
’headsin
–a
nowallwitnessedsurprisingexperiencesthatsignalthedamagefromour
assaultontheenvironment--whetherit'sthenewfrequencyofdayswhen
thetemperatureexceeds100degrees,thenewspeedwithwhichthe-un
burnsourskin,orthenewconstancyofpublicdebateoverwhattodowith
growingmountainsofwaste.Butourresponsetothesesignalsispuzzling.
Whyhaven'twelaunchedamassiveefforttosaveourenvironment?
To
comeatthequestionanotherway'Whydosomeimagesstartleusinto
immediateactionandfocusourattentionorwaystorespondeffecti