度全国医学考博英语统考阅读理解全解及详解.docx
《度全国医学考博英语统考阅读理解全解及详解.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《度全国医学考博英语统考阅读理解全解及详解.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
度全国医学考博英语统考阅读理解全解及详解
2015年
Passageone
TheAmericansocietyofclinicaloncologywrappeditsannualconferencethisweek,goingthroughtheusualmotionsofpresentingalotofdrugsthatoffersomeaddedqualityorextensionoflifetothosesufferingfromavarietyofas-yetincurablediseases.ButburieddeepinanAPstoryareacoupleofpromisingheadlinesthatseemsworthyofmorethoroughreview,includingonetreatmentstudywhere100percentofpatientssawtheircancerdiminishbyhalf.美国临床肿瘤协会于本周召开年会,大会讨论像往年一样提议了一些药物,能够提高疗效以及延长那些已确诊的不治之症患者的寿命,但深挖美联社报道中文章,发现一个有前景的标题,值得我们进一步了解,其中一个治疗研究,明确所有患者经过治疗后有一半患者肿瘤消失。
Firstofall,itseemspharmaceuticalcompaniesaremovingawayfromthemaincost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproachtodrugdevelopmentandembracingthelongcancertreatments,engineeringdrugsthatonlyworkforasmallpercentageofpatientsbutworkveryeffectivelywithinthatgroup.首先,制药公司从主要以效益一刀切发展模式向药物研发和接受长期癌症治疗,以及针对一小部分患者且成效显著的药物研发。
Pfizerannouncedthatonesuchdrugit’spushingintolate-stagetestingistargetfor4%oflungcancerpatients.Butmorethan90%ofthattinycohortrespondedtothedruginitialtests,and9outoftenisgettingprettyclosetotheidealtenoutoften.Bygearingtowardmoreboutiquetreatmentsratherthanbroadumbrellapharmaceuticalsthattofitforeveryoneitseemscancerresearchersaremakingsomeheadway.Buthowcanweclosethegaponthatremainingtenpercent?
Pfizer(辉瑞)宣称适用于4%的肺癌患者的药物已进入最后的测试阶段,但是在小群体的初测试验中,有超过90%的患者取得了良好是成效,9层的疗效与百分之百这个完美的结果非常接近。
在为所有患者提供精品而不是广泛的胶囊药物治疗方面,癌症研究人员取得了进步,但是该如何提升剩下的那10%的空间那?
AskTakedapharmaceuticalandCelgene,twodrugmakerswhoputasidecompetitiveintereststotestanovelcombinationoftheirtreatments.Inatestof66patientswiththeblooddiseasemultiplemyeloma,afull100percentofthesubjectssawtheircancerreducedbyhalf.Needlesstosay,a100percentresponsetoacancerdrug(orinthiscaseadrugcocktail)ismoreorlessunheardof.Moreover,thiscombinationneverwould’vecompetingcompanieshadn’tsatdownandputtheirheadstogether.Takeda和Celgene两家制药公司,撇开竞争性利益,尝试了治疗研究的新结合,在一项有66名血液系统多发骨髓瘤的患者的研究中,100%的研究对象提示肿瘤减少了一半,毋庸置疑,100%的疗效不论是对于一种抗癌症药物还是所谓鸡尾酒疗法都前所未闻,因此,如果两家公司结合不能有竞争,需要坐下来商榷,群策群力,才会有这项研究。
Aretheremorepotentiallyeffectivedrugcombosoutthereseparatedbycompetitiveinterestandproprietaryinformation?
Who’stosay,butitseemslikewiththeamountofmoneyandresearchbeingpumpedintocancerdrugdevelopment,theoutcomeprettygood.Andifresearcherscanstartpushingmoreoftheirresponsenumberstoward100percent,wecanmoreeasilystarttalkingaboutoncology’sfavoritefour-letterword:
cure.未来会有更多有效的药物联合治疗方案吗?
谁都不好说,因为两家竞争公司存在竞争效益和信息专有的问题,但是,随着更多资金和研究的投入,这种联合取得好的成效,如果研究人员开始把药效向100%推进,那也能更加容易地开始讨论肿瘤学最令人希望的一个词:
治愈。
单词汇总:
1.annualconference年会
2.goingthrough熬过;仔细检查;经历,讨论
3.motions运动提议
4.APstory美联社报道
5.umbrellapharmaceuticals胶囊药物?
6.Pharmaceutical[,fɑːmə'suːtɪk(ə)l;-'sjuː-]n.药物adj.制药(学)的
7.onesizefitsall:
一刀切;一体适用;万全之策
8.Pfizern.辉瑞(美国制药公司)
9.cocktail英['kɒkteɪl]n.鸡尾酒;开胃食品adj.鸡尾酒的
10.putone'sheadstogether共同策划;集思广益
bosout组合出
61.whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
(C)
A.Competitionandcooperation
B.Twocompetingpharmaceuticalcompanies.
C.Thepromisingfutureofpharmaceuticals.
D.Encouragingnews:
a100%responsetoacancerdrug.
62.incancerdrugdevelopment,accordingtothepassage,thepharmaceuticalsnow(B)
A.areadoptingthecost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproach.
B.aremovingtowardsindividualizedandtargetedtreatments.
C.areinvestingthelion’ssharesoftheirmoney.
D.careonlyabouttheirprofits.
63.fromtheencouragingadvancebythetwocompanies,wecaninferthat(A)
A.thedevelopmentcanbeascribedtotheirjointeffortsandcollaboration.
B.itwastheircompetitionthatresultedintheaccomplishment.
C.otherpharmaceuticalswilljointhemintheresearch.
D.thefuturecancertreatmentcanbenothingbutcocktailtherapy.
64.fromthelastparagraphitcanbeinferredthattheanswertothequestion(A)
A.isnowheretobefound.
B.candriveonecrazy.
C.canbemultiple.
D.iscondition.
65.thetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe(D)
A.neutral.
B.critical.
C.negative.
D.optimist.
Passagetwo
Liverdiseaseisthe12th-leadingcauseofdeathintheU.S.,chieflybecauseonceit’sdeterminedthatapatientneedsanewliverit’sverydifficulttogetone.Evenincasewhereasuitabledonormatchisfound,there’sguaranteeatransplantwillbesuccessful.ButresearchersatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalhavetakenahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab,successfullytransplantingculture-gownliversintorats.在美国肝脏疾病引起的死亡排在12位,主要原因是一旦患上这种疾病,就需要一个新肝脏,行肝脏移植,而这个新肝脏是很难得到。
甚至个别找到合适配对的肝脏,还需确保肝脏移植成功才行。
但是在麻省总医院研究者们迈出了一大步,他们在实验室培养出了有功能的肝脏,并且成功的把培养的肝脏移植到老鼠身上。
66.itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheanimalmodelwasmainlyintendedto(D)
A.investigatethepossibilityofgrowingbloodvesselsinthelab.
B.exploretheunknownfunctionsofthehumanliver.
C.reducetheincidenceofliverdiseaseintheU.S.
D.addressthesourceoflivertransplants.
Theliversaren’tgrownfromscratch,butratherwithintheinfrastructureofadonorliver.Thelivercellsinthedonororganarewashedoutwithadetergentthatgentlystripsawaythelivercells,leavingbehindabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecturethatisveryhardtoduplicatesynthetically.这些肝脏不是无中生有,而是体肝的j基础上培养出来的。
一种温和有效的清洁剂将肝细胞从供体中清除,保留生物支架蛋白和细胞外结构,这些是很难人工合成。
67.whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesaysthattheliversaren’tgrownfromscratch?
(C)
A.themakingofabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecture.
B.Ahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab.
C.thebuildingoftheinfrastructureofadonorliver.
D.Growinglivercellsinthedonororgan.
Withallofthatcomplicatedinfrastructurealreadyinplace,theresearchersthenseededthescaffoldwithlivercells(isolatedfromhealthylivers),aswellassomespecialendothelialcells(tolinetheboldvessels).Oncerepopulatedwithhealthycells,theseliverslivedinculturefor10days.这些复发的框架准备好后,研究者将健康分离的肝细胞和有粗血管的一些特殊基质细胞植入蛋白质支架中,一旦植入健康细胞后,肝脏就能在培养基中存活10天。
68.thebiologicalscaffoldwasnotputintothecultureinthelabuntil(C)
A.duplicatedsynthetically.
B.isolatedfromthehealthycells
C.repopulatedwiththehealthycells.
D.theadditionofsomeman-madebloodvessels.
Theteamalsotransplanted(sometwo-day-oldrecellularized)liversbackintorat,wheretheycontinuedtothriveforeighthourswhileconnectedintotherat’svascularsystems.However,thecurrentmethodisn’tperfectandcannotseemtorepopulatetheboldvesselsquitedenselyenoughandtheliverscan’tkeepfunctioningformorethanabout24hours(henceeight-hourmaximumfortherattransplant).研究团队也将培养了两天的肝脏移植回老鼠体内,在接入老鼠血管系统后肝脏仍能存活8个小时,然而,现在的方法是不完美的,并且不能够注入足够多的粗血管,肝脏的功能保持不能超过24小时(因此,植入老鼠内的肝脏起作用时间最大不超过8小时)。
69.whatseemstobetheproblemintheplantedliver.(C)
A.theratsaswrongrecipients.
B.thetimepointofthetransplantation.
C.theshortperiodoftherecellularization.
D.theinsufficientrepopulationofthebloodvessels.(直接针对血管来讲)
Buttheinitialsuccessesarepromising,andtheteamthinkstheycanovercomethebloodvesselandgetfullyfunctioningliversintotheratswithintwoyears.Itstillmightbeadecadebeforethetechhitstheclinic,butifnothinggoeshorriblywrong-andespeciallyifstem-cellresearchestablishesareliablewaytocreatehealthlivercellsfromtheeverypatientswhoneedtransplants-lab-generatedliversthatareperfectmatchesfortheirrecipientscouldbecomeareality.但是最初的成功让人充满希望,研究团队认为他们能攻克血管问题,并能在两年内把完全有功能的肝脏植入老鼠体内,但这种方法用于临床还可能需要10年,但是如果没有什么可怕的事(如果一切正常进行),特别是关于干细胞的研究,这个研究能提供可靠的方法,这种方法(是通过患者的肝细胞在移植入实验中)生成健康肝细胞,能形成与受体完全配对的肝脏成为现实。
70.Theresearchteamholdshighhopesof
A.creatinglab-generatedliversforpatientswithintwoyears.
B.thetimetableforgeneratinghumanliversinthelab.
C.stem-cellresearchasthefutureofmedicine.
D.buildingafullyfunctioningliverintorats.
单词汇总:
1.guarantee[gær(ə)n'tiː]n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品vt.保证;担保。
2.addressvt.演说;从事;忙于;写姓名地址;向…致辞;与…说话;提出;处理;n.地址;演讲;致辞;说话的技巧;称呼。
3.infrastructure['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造
4.detergentn.清洁剂;去垢剂
5.ratherwithin而在
6.washedout褪色的,洗旧了的;筋疲力尽的
7.stripaway除去;揭掉
8.scaffold['skæfəʊld;-f(ə)ld]n.脚手架;鹰架;绞刑台vt.给…搭脚手架;用支架支撑
9.Seedsthwithsthaswellassth
10.repopulatevt.使人重新住入
11.recipientsn.收件人(recipient的复数)受体
Passagethree
Patientswhoseeyeshavesufferedheatorburnstypicallyexperienceseveredamagetothecornea—thethin,transparentfrontoftheeyethatrefractslightandcontributesmostoftheeye’sfocusingability.inalong-termstudy,Italianresearchersusestemcellstakenfromthelimbus,theborderbetweenthecorneaandthewhiteoftheeye,tocultivateagraftofhealthycellsinalabtohelprestorevisionineyes.Duringthe10-yearsstudy,theresearchersimplantedthehealthystemcellsintothedamagedcorneain113eyesof112patients,thetreatmentwasfullysuccessfulinmorethan75percentofthepatients,andpartiallysuccessfulin13percent.Moreover,therestoredvisionremainedstableover10years.Successwasdefinedasanabsenceofallsymptomsandpermanentrestorationofthecornea.经过热伤或烧伤的患者会对角膜出现严重的损伤,角膜是一种薄的,位于眼睛前面的透明物体,能折射光和有助于眼睛聚光的作用。
在一个长期的研究中,澳大利亚研究者们利用来自角膜缘的干细胞,植入角膜和白色的眼球之间,在实验室中培养移植出健康细胞来帮助需要视力恢复。
近十年间的研究,研究者在112患者中植入健康干细胞至损伤的角膜有113只眼睛,治疗完全成功的患者超过75%,部分成功的有13%,而且,恢复的视力仍能稳定性超过10年。
这里的成功是指症状完全消失和角膜永久的恢复。
Treatmentoutcomewasinitiallyassessedatoneyear,withupto10yearsoffollow-upevaluations.Theprocedurewasevensuccessfulin