电子商务系统间建筑材料信息的交流平台外文文献翻译大学论文.docx

电子商务系统间建筑材料信息的交流平台外文文献翻译大学论文.docx

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电子商务系统间建筑材料信息的交流平台外文文献翻译大学论文

外文资料翻译

英文原文

Aplatformforcommunicatingconstructionmaterialinformationbetweene-commercesystems[16]

E-commercesystemsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantintheHongKongconstructionmaterialprocurementmarket.Currently，however,manye-tradingmarketplaceshavebeendeveloped,owned,and/orhostedbydifferentcompanies.Eachofthee-tradingmarketplacesformsaclosedsystemwiththeiruniquecustomersandclients.Thetotalityofthesee-tradingmarketplacesappearstobeislandsinthesea,astheyareisolatedwithnointeroperationbetweenthem.Sincematerialinformationineache-tradingmarketplaceislimited，buyersusuallycannotfindalltherequiredmaterialsfromonemarketplace.Thispaperintroducesaplatform，named‘E-Union’,thatenablesinteroperationbetweene-tradingmarketplaces.Theabilityofmarketplacestointeroperateextendstheideaofliquidityandnetworkeffectbyjoiningmorebuyerswithmoresuppliers，withoutsacrificingtheabilityofeachmarketplacetobehighlyspecifictothesupply-chainnodeortargetbuyergroupitserves．Thispaperfirstdiscussesproblemsinanon-interoperableE-commercemarketplaceenvironment.Thentwoapproachesforenablinginteroperationbetweenmarketplaces，themobileagentapproachandtheWebservicesapproach，areintroduced．Thethirdpartpresentstheconcept,systemarchitectureandfunctionsoftheE-Unionplatform．

1ProblemsinNon-InteroperableE-TradingMarketplaceEnvironment

TheWeb-basede-tradingmarketplacecontainstwomajorfunctions：

providingtradinginformationandfacilitatingtradingtransactions.Usersmaylogintothesystemaseitherbuyersorsellersofconstructionmaterials.Sellerscanuploadtheirproductinformationandfindoutsummaryinformationabouttheircustomersandtheirtransactions.Buyerscansearchcertaintypesofproducts，providingrequirementssuchasbrand，model,quality,price，etc.，ortheycanbrowsetheproductsondisplay.Whentheproductsrequestedbyabuyerarefound，theinformationwillbedisplayedtothebuyerandthecontactinformationofanagentclosesttothebuyer’slocationwillalsobesenttothebuyer.Thebuyercannegotiatewiththeagentabouttheprice，orsendanordertotheagentbycompletingsomeformsonline.Iftheusercouldnotfindthedesiredproducts，thesystemwillkeeptheinquiryinstorageforaccessbythesellers.

Inrecentyears，severalotherconstructione-tradingsiteshaveappearedontheWeb.Theyareoperatedbydifferentorganizationsandattractdifferentclientgroups．Theyspecializeintradingmaterialsfromsuppliersindifferentregions.Fromtimetotime,however，clientsofonee-tradingsystemwouldliketobuymaterialsthatarenotavailableinthatsystembutareofferedonothersites.Onewaytosolvethisproblemistolettheclientregisterwithseverale-tradingmarketplacesandsearchthesesitesonebyone.

Thevarietyandheterogeneityofdifferente-tradingsitescreateproblemsformaterialpurchasers.Findingmaterialsinthesesitesrequiresmaterialpurchaserstoacquireandmaintainalistofwebaddresses,tointerpretandunderstandthesemanticsandnavigationmethodsindifferentsites，andtointegrateproductinformationinthesesitesforevaluationmanually.Thesekindsofmaterialfindingjobscanbetimeconsumingandthematerialpurchaserisrequiredtokeepabreastofnewe-tradingsitesastheycomeonline．

Toprovidebettervalue-addedservicestotheclients，theconceptofE-Unionispresentedbylinkingtogetherrelevante-tradingmarketplacessothatcooperationbetweenthee-tradingmarketplacescanbefacilitated.Inthee-tradingunion,whenane-tradingsitedoesnothavethematerialrequestedbyoneofitsregisteredclients，thesitewillsendarequesttoothere-tradingsitesintheunion.Theremotee-tradingsitewilltreattherequestasonefromanassociatedclient.Anassociatedclientcannotdirectlymakeuseoftheserviceofthee-tradingmarketplaceasitsregisteredclient.Whenthematerialrequestedisfound,theremotesitewillinformtherequestinge-tradingsite,whichwilldecidewhethertosubmitanorderonbehalfofitsclient.Onceadealismadebetweenthetwoe-tradingsites，therequestingsitewillinformtheremotesiteofthecontactinformationofanagenttowhomthematerialshouldbedelivered.Itwillalsodisplaythematerialinformationtothebuyeralongwiththecontactinformationoftheagentclosesttothebuyer’slocation.Theremotee-tradingsitewillchargesomeextraamountofmoney，usuallyacertainpercentageofthenormalprice,forprovidingtheservice．

2ApproachesforEnablingInteroperationbetweenE-TradingMarketplaces

Sinceindividuale-tradingsystemsaredevelopedbasedondifferentcomputationalarchitectures，platformsandsoftware,itisnotatrivialtasktomaketheminteroperable.Severalissuesneedtobeaddressedinordertorealizethee-Unionconcept.Thefirstissueishowanindividuale-tradingsystemfindstheservicefromothersitesandcommunicateswitheachother.Thesecondissueishowsystemsunderstandthevariouskindsofdatafromothersystems，suchasthequery，order，andproductinformation.Specifically，thedatamaybeindifferentformatsanddatabasesforrepresentationandstorage.Thissectiondiscussestwoapproachesforachievinginteroperationbetweene-tradingmarketplaces，themobileagentapproachandtheWebservicesapproach．

2.1TheMobileAgentApproach

Amobileagentisacomputerprogramthatcanautonomouslymigratebetweennetworksites，i.e.，itcanexecuteatahostforawhile，haltexecution，dispatchitself（togetherwithitsdataandexecutionstate）toanotherhost,andresumeexecutionthere-allunderitsowncontrol.Ithasbeenfoundthatmobileagentisespeciallysuitableforstructuringandcoordinatingdistributedapplicationsrunninginawide-areaenvironmentliketheInternet.Suchanenvironmentischaracterizedbyalargenumberofheterogeneousnodeswithdynamicallychangingservicesandresources，highvariationofconnectivitybothinperformanceandreliability，highvariationofworkloadandnetworktraffic,mobilityofhosts，etc..Mobileagentscanmovethroughthenetworkofsitestosearchfor,filterandprocessinformationneededtoaccomplishtheirtasks．Sendingmobileagentstotheremoteserverresultsinalargeperformanceimprovementbecausetheycanreducethenumberoftimesonesitecontactsanotherandtheycanfilteroutnon-usefulinformationthusreducingtheconsumptionofcommunicationbandwidth．Furthermore，mobileagentsbringflexibilityandscalabilityintodistributed，dynamicsystemsduetoitsabilitytoencapsulatepolicies，conventionandalgorithmsanditsabilitytobedynamicallycreatedanddestroyed．

Inamobileagentbasedframework，ane-tradingsitejoinstheunionbybroadcastingitsaddressandserviceinterfacetoothermembersintheunion.Themembershipinformationiskeptateache-tradingsiteinadatabase.Mobileagentsaredispatchedtoothermembersitesforqueryingandorderingconstructionmaterialsthatarenotavailableatthelocalsite．

2.2TheWebServicesApproach

Webservicesareusedtopromotesoftwarereusabilityoverdistributedsystems．Distributed-Systemstechnologiesallowapplicationstoexecuteacrossmultiplecomputersonanetwork.AdevelopedtheASP.NetplatformfordeployingWebservices.InASP.NET，themethodcallsareimplementedthroughtheSimpleObjectAccessProtocol（SOAP）．SOAPisaplatform-in-dependentprotocolthatusesXMLtomakeremoteprocedurecallsoverHTTP.EachcallandresponseispackagedinaSOAPmessage——anXMLmessagecontainingalltheinformationnecessarytoprocessitscontents.HTTPwaschosentotransmitSOAPmessagesbecauseHTTPisastandardprotocolforsendinginformationovertheInternet.TheuseofXMLandHTTPenablesdifferentoperatingsystemstosendandreceiveSOAPmessages.AnotherbenefitofHTTPisthatitcanbeusedwithnetworksthatcontainfirewalls，thesecuritybarriersthatrestrictcommunicationamongnetworks.Inaddition，WebservicesuseSOAPbecauseofitsextensivesetofsupporteddatatypesanditsabilitytosendandreceiveattachments.Attachmentsarethemostefficientwaytosenddatasuchaspictures,XMLdocuments，CADfiles，etc.,andthisSOAPcapabilityisextremelyimportantforinteroperationbetweenconstructionmateriale-tradingsitessincematerialinformationisoftenpresentedinpictureandCADfileformats．

Webservicesisaclassthatenablesdistributedcomputingbyallowingonemachinetocallmethodsonothermachinesviacommondataformatsandprotocols，suchasExtensibleMarkupLanguage（XML）andHypertextTransferProtocol（HTTP）．MicrosoftWebserviceshaveimportantimplicationsforbusiness-to-business（B2B）transactions.Now,businessesareabletoconducttransactionsviaWebservices,ratherthanviacustomcreatedapplications.BecauseWebservicesandSOAPareplatformindependent，companiescancollaborateanduseeachother’sWebserviceswithoutworryingaboutthecompatibilityoftechnologiesorprogramminglanguages.Inthisway，WebservicesareB2Binexpensive，readilyavailablesolutiontofacilitateB2Btransactions．Constructionmateriale-tradingsitescaneasilyachieveinteroperationbybuildingtheirownWebservicesforothersitestouse.AsimpleexampleisbuildingmaterialWebservicesthatallowapprovedpartnerstosearchandbuytheirmaterials.Inthisimplementation，theE-Unionserverservesitsmembersbyprovidingthemembers’WebservicesinformationanddirectsthecallforWebservicestotheappropriatemembersites.MembersitesprovideWebservicesforsearchingandbuyingmaterialsintheirownsiteandchargethosememberswhouseth