Module 4 Great scientists 语法学案 导学案外研必修4精品.docx

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Module 4 Great scientists 语法学案 导学案外研必修4精品.docx

Module4Greatscientists语法学案导学案外研必修4精品

Module4Greatscientists语法学案导学案

课题

GreatScientists

课时

1课时

教学目标

1.Revisesomelanguagepoints.

2.LearnmoreaboutGrammarofthemodule.

3.LearntousethisGrammar.

教学重点

Revisionofpassivevoice

教学难点

Dealwithsomeimportantexercisesaboutit.

课堂导学

被动语态复习Revisionofpassivevoice

(一)语态分类

英语动词有两种语态,主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

如:

Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)

Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)

汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动,而英语用:

be+过去分词构成。

(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化

主要体现在be的变化上,其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样,列表如下:

一般现在时

am/is/are+done

一般过去时

was/were+done

一般将来时

Shall+will+be+done

现在进行时

am/is/are+being+done

过去进行时

was/were+being+done

过去将来时

Should/would+be+done

现在完成时

Has/have+been+done

过去完成时

Had+been+

done

[注]被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

(三)被动语态常用的八种时态

1.一般现在时

Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthestates.

_______________________________________________________(改为被动)

Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.

We__________________enterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.(被动)

2.一般过去时

Hehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.

Andthestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.

Hehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandhislessons______________________.

3.一般将来时

Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.

Cars___________abroadbysea.

Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.

Plentyofjobs_________________school-leavers.

4.过去将来时

Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.

Themanagersaidtheproject______________________________________________

5.现在进行时

TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.

Englishlessons________________________________________________________

6.过去进行时

Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.

Trees____________________________________________________

7.现在完成时

Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

I__________________thesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

8.过去完成时

Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

He_______________________________________________

9.含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。

e.g.Theteachersaid,“Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.”

Theteachersaid,“Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.”

Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.

Agreatmanyletters___________________________________________

(四)被动语态的使用

1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语。

“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了,不知是谁弄坏的,或不想说出谁弄坏的)。

2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语。

TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.

ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.

3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用in+名词作状语,而代替by短语。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.

15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.

英译汉:

______________________________________________________________

(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法

1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。

3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by短语可以省略。

如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。

如:

Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语

Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语

Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.

Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.

(六)语态转换时所注意的问题

1.把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.

Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)

Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)

2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.

Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:

Apresent_______________________________________

注意:

一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to,如:

bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。

Themagazinewaspassedontome._____________________________________

Thecupwithmixture________________(show)theclass._____________________________

一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for,如:

build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。

Mothermademeanewskirt.__________________________________

有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。

PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.

TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)

3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。

这类动词有:

不及物动词+介词,如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。

Thepatientisbeingoperatedon._______________________________________

Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.____________________________________

及物动词+副词:

如:

bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。

他的请求被拒绝了。

____________________________________

Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather._____________________________

4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。

如:

Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.

注意:

在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。

Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.

注意:

带有复合宾语的句子,如果宾语补足语是名词,变被动句时,应将宾语变为主语,不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。

如:

TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.

______________________________________________________________________________

误:

Loveappleswerecalledthem.

正:

Theywerecalledloveapples.

5.还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成,变被动语态有两种形式,如下:

1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.

Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.

Goodcareistakenofthebook.

2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.

Attentionmust___________________________________

Yourpronunciation________________________________

用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有:

catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。

6.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。

如:

Nobodycananswerthisquestion.

误:

Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.

正:

Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.

7.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。

如:

Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.___________________________________-

误:

Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.

正:

Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.

8.以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用bywhom放在句首:

Whowrotethestory?

误:

Whowasthestorywritten?

正:

Bywhomwasthestorywritten?

9.有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:

write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。

如:

Theclothwasheseasily.___________________________

Thenewproductsellswell._________________________________

Thepenwritessmoothly._______________________________

对比:

Thebookssellwell.(主动句)

Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)

对比:

Themeatdidn'tcookwell.(主动句)

Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被动句)

10.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:

第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义如:

feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。

Thefoodtastesdelicious.

Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.

第二,谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。

如:

Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.

第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:

takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。

如:

Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.

第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:

rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。

1)Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.

2)Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.

第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语,如:

ItaughtmyselfEnglish.

误:

MyselfwastaughtEnglish.

Weloveeachother.

误:

Eachotherisloved.

11.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示,如:

据说……Itissaidthat…

据报导……Itisreportedthat…

据推测……Itissupposedthat…

希望……Itishopedthat…

众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…

普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…

有人建议……Itissuggestedthat…

1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.

2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.

高考链接:

1.Thechurchtowerwhichwillbeopentotouristssoon.Theworkisalmostfinished.

A.hasrestoredB.hasbeenrestoredC.isrestoringD.isbeingrestored

2.Thiscoastalareaanationalwildlifereservelastyear.

A.wasnamedB.namedC.isnamedD.names

3.EveryyearafloodoffarmersarriveinShenzhenforthemoney-makingjobstheybeforeleavingtheirhometowns.

A.promisedB.werepromisedC.havepromisedD.havebeenpromised

4.You’vefailedtodowhatyoutoandI’mafraidtheteacherwillblameyou.

A.willexpectB.willbeexpected

C.expectedD.wereexpected

5.InthespokenEnglishofsomeareasintheUS,the“r”soundsattheendofthewords_____________.

AaredroppedBdropCArebeingdroppedDhavedropped

针对训练:

1.Itissaidthatanewrobot____byhiminafewdays.

A.designedB.hasbeendesigned

C.willbedesignedD.willhavebeendesigned

2.Wearelate.Iexpectthefilm____bythetimewegettothecinema.

A.willalreadyhavestartedB.wouldalreadyhavestarted

C.shallhavealreadystartedD.hasalreadybeenstarted

3.Shewillstopshowingoffifnonotice____ofher.

A.istakenB.takes

C.willbetakenD.hastaken

4.Diamond____inBrazilin1971.

A.isfoundB.hasbeenfound

C.wasfoundD.hadbeenfound

5.“Haveyoumovedtothenewflat?

“Notyet.Theroom____.”

A.hasbeenpaintedB.ispainted

C.paintsD.isbeingpainted

6.Mypictures____untilnextFriday.

A.won'tdevelopB.aren'tdeveloped

C.don'tdevelopD.won'tbedeveloped

7.Tim____sincehelosthisjobthr

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