中小企业国际化文献综述及外文文献资料.docx

中小企业国际化文献综述及外文文献资料.docx

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中小企业国际化文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：

关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述

一、外文文献

标题:

Internationalizationstrategy,firmresourcesandthesurvivalofSMEsintheexportmarket

作者:

Baum,Matthias

期刊:

JournalofInternationalBusinessStudies

卷:

45；期:

7；页:

821-841；年份:

2014

Internationalizationstrategy,firmresourcesandthesurvivalofSMEsintheexportmarket

INTRODUCTION

Born-globalfirms,sometimescalled"internationalnewventures"（INVs）,havebeendescribedas"companiesthatfromornearfoundation,obtainasignificantportionoftotalrevenuefromsalesininternationalmarkets"（Knight&Cavusgil,2005:

15）.Althoughborn-globalfirmshaveattractedsignificantresearchattention（Autio,2005;Jones,Coviello,&Tang,2011）thathasemphasizedtheirabilitytoachieveconsiderableforeignsalesearlyintheirevolution（Autio,Sapienza,&Almeida,2000）withlimitedresources,littleisknownaboutthecontinuingabilityofthesefirmstoremainactiveininternationalmarketsandaboutthetypesofresourcesthatdeterminetheirsurvivalabroad（Keupp&Gassmann,2009;Sapienza,Autio,George,&Zahra,2006;Zahra,2005）.AsKuivalainen,Sundqvist,Saarenketo,andMcNaughton（2012:

449）note:

"thereisstillapaucityofempiricalresearchonwhetheracceleratedinternationalization（oranotherinternationalizationpath）playsaroleindetermininglong-termsurvival,successand/orgrowth.Thefewstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthis,reportcontradictoryorambiguousfindings（e.g.,Bloodgood,Sapienza,&Almeida,1996）,arebasedonsmallsamples（e.g.,Gabrielsson,Kirpalani,Dimistratos,Solberg,&Zucchella,2008）,orfocusonalimitednumberofpathways（e.g.,Mudambi&Zahra,2007）".

Thedominanttheoreticalapproachesinthefield-theinternationalizationprocessmodel（IPM）（Johanson&Vahlne,2009）,theINVframework（Oviatt&McDougall,1994）andtheregionalizationhypothesis（Rugman&Verbeke,2007）-resultinsignificantlydifferentpredictionsregardingwhichinternationalizationstrategyismostbeneficialfortheexportmarketsurvivalofsmall-andmedium-sizedenterprises（SMEs）.TheIPMimpliesthatborn-globalinternationalizationendangersafirm'ssurvivalintheexportmarketbecausesuchfirmsdonothavesufficienttimetolearnaboutforeignmarketswell,whichincreasestheirprobabilityoffailure（Figueira-de-Lemos,Johanson,&Vahlne,2011）.AccordingtotheINVframework,firmsmayprofitfromaborn-globalstrategybyexploringandcapitalizingoninternationalopportunitiesandbyexploitingcertainlearningadvantagesthataccompanynewness（Autioetal.,2000）.Theregionalizationhypothesispostulatesthatrapidinternationalizationispossiblebutthatsuchdevelopmentwillbemostvaluableifrevenuesarerestrictedtocomingfromthefirm'shomeregiontodiminishtheliabilityofforeignness（Rugman&Verbeke,2004）.Thistheoreticaldiscordmakesitimperativethatresearchersempiricallyexaminetheimplicationsofdifferentinternationalizationstrategiesforfirmsurvival.

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatetheeffectofdifferentinternationalizationstrategies（born-global,born-regionalandgradualinternationalizationstrategies）ontheexportmarketsurvivalofSMEs.Weshowthat,inadditiontointernationalizationstrategy,firmslackresourcesandinnovationresourcesdetermineINVsviabilityintheinternationalmarket.Firmsthatarebetterabletoacquireadequateresourcesduringinternationalizationaremorelikelytosustaintheirexportmarketactivities.SeveralstudieshighlighttheimportanceofresourcestothesurvivalofINVs.Sapienzaetal.（2006）,forexample,arguethattheabilitytoshiftresourcesisimportanttothesurvivalofyoungfirmsbecausetheuncertaintyinherentinunknownforeignenvironmentscangenerateunexpectedrequirementstoadjustestablishedroutinesandcapabilities.Firmswithmorefungibleresourcesarebetterabletoadapttheirroutines,whichallowsthemtobetterreacttoenvironmentalchangesandbolsterstheirsurvivalchancesabroad.

Inaparallelvein,weproposethat,althoughfirm-specificresourcesareimportantfortheexportmarketsurvivalofallSMEsperse,therelativeimportanceofslackresourcesandinnovationresourcesiscontingentuponwhichinternationalizationstrategyisemployed.Comparedwithothermoreincrementalinternationalizationapproaches,aborn-globalfirmwillhavegreaterdemandforresourcestoprevailininternationalmarkets.Born-globalfirmsrequireslackresourcesandinnovationresourcesmoreurgentlyfortheirsurvivalthanotherinternationalizingSMEsbecausethetwinliabilitiesofnewness（Stinchcombe,1965）andforeignness（Hymer,1976）areparticularlystrongforborn-globalfirms,enteringmultipleforeignenvironmentsatanenhancedspeed.Forthisaggressiveinternationalization,born-globalshavetoestablishbusinessroutinesandlearnabouttheirmultiplemarketsatthesametime,inordertoovercomethe"shockofentry"（Carr,Haggard,Hmieleski,&Zahra,2010:

184）effectively.

Bycontrast,theexportmarketsurvivalofgraduallyinternationalizingfirmswillbetheleastdependentonslackresourcesandinnovationresourcescomparedwithborn-globalandborn-regionalfirms.Theliabilitiesofnewnessandforeignnessdonotadherethatstronglytograduallyinternationalizingfirmsbecausethesefirmsenterforeignmarketssequentiallyandcanmoreeasilylearnfromtheirownoperationsandbuildexperientialknowledge.Accordingly,theirsurvivalintheinternationalenvironmentwillbelessdependentonslackresources（Chang&Rhee,2011）andinnovation（Shrader,Oviatt,&McDougall,2000）.Inthisstudy,wefurthersharpentheunderstandingabouttheimpactofresourcesonthesurvivalofINVsandshowthatresourcesareanimportantboundaryconditionforthefunctionalityofdifferentinternationalizationstrategiesregardinginternationalmarketsurvival.

OurstudyprovidesthreeimportantcontributionstounderstandingSMEsurvivalabroad.First,byobservingtheeffectofdifferentinternationalizationstrategiesonthesurvivalofSMEsintheexportmarket,weunderscorethestrategic-choicerationaleandfindstrongempiricalsupportforthenotionthatfirmsself-selectintoafittingstrategy.Basedontheforeigndirectinvestment（FDI）activityof275UKfirms,MudambiandZahra（2007）findthatemployingaborn-globalstrategyhasnodirectimpactonfirmsurvival.Basedonthisfinding,thatstudyproposedthatthefirmsinitssamplewereabletodecideefficientstrategiesduringtheprocessofinternationalization.Inourstudy,basedontheexportactivityofallCanadianSMEs,theresultssuggestthatneithertheborn-globalnorborn-regionalstrategyhasastatisticallysignificanteffectonfirmexportmarketsurvival.Thereforewefurtherdemonstratethatsmall,newventuresfirmsareasrationalaslargefirms;theyareabletopursuestrategicchoicesanddecideupontheoptimalinternationalizationstrategythatbestfitstheirresourceendowmentandenvironmentalconditions.

Second,wedifferentiatepreviousstudiesoninternationalizationstrategiesbyintroducingtheborn-regionalstrategyintoouranalysis.Previousstudieseitherfocusedonasinglestrategy（Efrat&Shoham,2012）orcomparedonlyborn-globalsandgradualinternationalizers（Mudambi&Zahra,2007）.Weturntomorerecentnotionsthatshowthatborn-regionalsemployadistincttypeofinternationalizationstrategy（Lopez,Kundu,&Ciravegna,2009）,whichmightbetterbalancetherisksandbenefitsofearlyinternationalization.

Ourthirdcontributionliesattheintersectionofinternationalizationstrategiesandresources.Althoughnosingleinternationalizationstrategydominatesotherstrategicapproachesundereverycondition,wedemonstratethatinternationalizationstrategiesareanimportantmoderatorforafirm'ssurvivalandfirmresources.Firmresourcesnotonlydirectlyaffectafirm'ssurvivalanditsstrategicself-selectionbutalsointeractwithafirm'sappliedinternationalizationstrategy.Incontextualizingthefirmresources-survivallinkthroughinternationalizationstrategy,weaddtopreviousstudiesonborn-globalfirmsandsuggesthowSMEsmightbettersustaintheirinternationalactivitieswithdifferentinternationalizationstrategies.Thisisanimportantadvancementinthecurrentunderstandingbecauseitsuggeststhatalthoughsmall,newventuresareabletointernationalizeearlywithlimitedresources,itisparticularlycriticalforborn-globalfirmstoacquireadequateresourcesduringtheinternationalizationprocesstosurviveabroad.

ThedatasetusedtoexamineourresearchquestionsistakenfromtheadministrativedatabasesproducedbyStatisticsCanada.ThesampleincludesallCanadiansmall-andmedium-sizedmanufacturersthathadatleastoneshipmenttoaforeignmarketbetween1997and2005.Combiningthisuniquedatasetwithempiricalanalysesthatcontrolforpossiblesampleselectionbiasandendogeneity,weprovideavalidandreliableexaminationofthesurvivalofSMEsintheexportmarket.

THEORYANDHYPOTHESES

InternationalizationStrategiesandSMESurvivalintheExportMarket

Traditionalinternationalizationtheories,suchastheIPM（Johanson&Vahlne,1977）,arelargelybasedonthetheoryofthegrowthofthefirm（Penrose,1959）andthebehavioraltheoryofthefirm（Cyert&March,1963）.IPMscholarspositthatinternationalizationshouldbeincrementalandexperience-based,suchasbybeginningwithlow-involvementmodesofentryinnearbyorculturallysimilarareas.Thisstrategywouldminimizerisksassociatedwithinternationalizationbecausethedegreeofresourcecommitmentisrelativelylowandtheresourcesinquestionarefocusedonmarketswithlowpsychicdistance.Bygraduallyincreasingi