可重构机床的设计原则外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

可重构机床的设计原则外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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可重构机床的设计原则外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

附录1:

Designprinciplesofreconfigurablemachines

ReuvenKatz

AbstractReconfigurablemachinesformanewclassofmachinesthataredesignedaroundaspecificpartfamilyofproductsandallowrapidchangeintheirstructure.Theyaredesignedtoallowchangesinmachineconfigurationaccordingtochangesinproductionrequirements.Thereconfigurationmayberelatedtochangesinmachinefunctionalityoritsscalability,i.e.,thechangeinproductionvolumesorspeedofoperation.Reconfigurablemachinesrepresentanewclassofmachinesthatbridgesthegapbetweenthehighflexibilityandhighcostoftotallyflexiblemachinesandthelowflexibilityandlowcostoffullydedicatedmachines.Thedesignprinciplesofreconfigurablemachinesfollowasimilarphilosophy,whichwasderivedforreconfigurablemanufacturingsystems,andpresentanapproachforthedesignofmachinestobeusedmainlyinhigh-volumeproductionlines.Thispaperintroducesdesignprinciplesforreconfigurablemachines,whichmaybeappliedindifferentfieldsofmanufacturing.Basedonthesedesignprinciples,threetypesofreconfigurablemachinesweredesignedforvarioustypesofproductionoperationssuchas:

machining,inspectionandassembly.Thispapershowshowthesuggesteddesignprincipleswereutilizedinthedesignofseveralfull-scalemachineprototypesandtestedexperimentally.

KeywordsMachinedesign.Reconfigurablemachines（RM）.Reconfigurablemanufacturingsystems（RMS）.Reconfigurablemachinetool（RMT）.Reconfigurableinspectionmachine（RIM）.Reconfigurableassemblymachine

（RAM）

AbbreviationsRM:

Reconfigurablemachine.RMS:

Reconfigurablemanufacturingsystems.RMT:

Reconfigurablemachinetool.RIM:

Reconfigurableinspectionmachine.RAM:

Reconfigurableassemblymachine.DMS:

Dedicatedmanufacturingsystems.FMS:

Flexiblemanufacturingsystems.ERC／RMS:

EngineeringResearchCenterforReconfigurableManufacturingSystems.CNC:

Computernumericcontrol.CMM:

Coordinatemeasurementmachine.FRF:

Frequencyresponsefunction.FFT:

FastFouriertransform

1Introduction

Thetwomaintraditionalmethodsutilizedbymanufacturingindustriesintheproductionofmediumandhighvolumepartsarededicatedmanufacturingsystems

（DMS）Ll,2』andflexiblemanufacturingsystems（FMS）L3-5』.DMSisusedwhenpart

productionvolumesarehighandconstant,andthepartdoesnotchange.FMSisusedwhentherequiredquantitiesarerelativelylowerandmanymodificationsinthepartdesignareforeseen,ormorethanonetypeofproductisproducedonthesamelinesimultaneously.Aninnovativeapproachofcustomizedmanufacturing,termedreconfigurablemanufacturingsystems（RMS）isdescribedinL6』.Themainadvantage

ofthisnewapproachisthecustomizedflexibilityofthesystemtoproducea“part

family”ofproductswithlowerinvestmentcostthananFMS.Asetofcorecharacteristics:

modularity,scalability,integrability,convertibility,customizationanddiagnosibilitycomprisestheheartofanRMSL7』.AtypicalRMSincludesbothconventionalflexiblemachinesandanewtypeofmachinecalledthereconfigurablemachine（RM）onitsproductionline.

Typically,adedicatedmachineusedinaDMSisdesignedaroundaspecificpartthatismassproduced.Itisdesignedtoperformasingleoperationwithhighreliabilityandrepeatability,andhighproductivityandthereforeisrelativelysimpleandlessexpensive.MachinesthatareusedinanFMSaredesignedtoperformmostoperationsinaflexiblemanner.Theseflexiblemachinesarecomputernumericalcontrolled

（CNC）andcanproducemanydifferentpartsbychangingtheircomputerprograms.Sincereliability,repeatabilityandhighproductivityarerequiredformassproductionlines,flexiblemachinesdesignedforhighvolumeproductionarerelativelyexpensive.Incontrast,theRMisdesignedforcustomizedflexibility,i.e.,theflexibilityneededtoproduceaparticularpartfamilyL7』.TheRMcanperformapre-designedsetofrequired

operationsasspecifiedforthespecificpartfamilywithhighreliability,repeatabilityandhighproductivity.Thelimited,customizedflexibilityallowsreductionofinvestmentcostsontheonehandandfastresponsewhenaproductchangesontheother,bothrepresentingeconomicalbenefits.

TheinnovativeideaofRMSanditssixcorecharacteristicswasoriginallydevelopedfor“systems”,namely,massproductionlines.DevelopmentofnewdesignprinciplesbasedonRMSphilosophywasrequiredinordertodesignRMs.ThesemachinesaretobeusedonRMSlines,therebyextendingtheRMSconceptfromasystemleveltothemachinelevel.

Intheliterature,severalgeneralprinciplesofmachinedesignhavebeenproposedanddiscussed.Forexample,Doubbeldescribesprinciplesofembodimentdesignsuchas:

principleofdivisionoftasks,forceandenergytransmission,aswellassafetyandreliabilityprinciplesL8』.Nortondefinesengineeringdesignas“Theprocessofapplyingthevarioustechniquesandscientificprinciplesforthepurposeofdefiningadevice,aprocessorasysteminsufficientdetailtopermititsrealization”andalso

describesthephasesofthedesignprocessL9』.SuhpresentsathoroughdiscussionofthedesignprocessinengineeringusingmathematicaltoolsandshowsexamplesofmachinedesignLl0』.Hepresentsthedesignequationthatrelatesthefunctionalrequirementsvector{FR}tothedesignparameters{DP}vectorusingthedesignmatrixLA』.Usingthisapproach,hestudiesdifferentcasesofcoupleddesign,redundantdesignandidealdesign.Otherresearchersfocusondesignprinciplesofmachineswhichareusedprimarilyformanufacturing.AltintaspresentsfundamentalprinciplesofdesigningCNCmachinetoolsLll』.Itincludessizingandselectingdrivemotors,configurationofphysicalstructureandmodelingofservocontrol.DesignprinciplesofCNCmachinetoolswerealsopresentedindetailbyorenLl2』.DesignprinciplesofmachiningsystemsaswellasanupgradeablemultispindleRMarediscussedinLl3』.RMdesignconceptsarestudiedinLl4』withthegoalofdeveloping

“modularreconfigurablemachine”.Asstatedthere,thekeycharacteristicsof

modularmachinedesignwerefocusedondecomposition,standardization

andexchangeability.AccordingtoLl5』,thedesignofRMSisbasedonaconstruction

20

kitprinciplethatenablesittoadjusttonewproductionrequirementsbysubstitution,additionorremovalofmachinesystems.Asynthesismethodologyfordesigningreconfigurablemachinetools（RMT）Ll6,l7』takesasetoffunctionalrequirementsandasetofprocessplansastheinputandgeneratesasetofkinematicallyviableRMTstomeetthegivenspecifications.AthoroughstudyofmachinetoolsscalabilityinthecontextofRMSispresentedanddiscussedinLl8』.Currentstudiesarefocusedon

improvingdynamicdesigncapabilitiesofRMTsLl9』andonamodularapproachfor

RMTservoaxismodelingL20』.ThederivedmachinetoolmodelscanbeusedfordesignandcontrolofRMTservoaxes.Whenhighvolumesofpartsareproduced,thereisaneedforrapidandlowcostinspectionequipmentformeasuringgeometricalanddimensionaltolerancesaswellassurfacequality.Typically,dedicatedgagesthataredesignedforhighprecisionandhighrepeatabilityareexpensiveandarenotflexibletoproductchangesL2l』.Therefore,manufacturerspreferusingflexiblecoordinatemeasuringmachines（CMM）thatcanmeasuremanydifferentpartsorfeaturesL22』.AninterestingapplicationofthegeneraldesignprinciplesproposedbySuhLl0』demonstratesamethodologyforselectingameasuringsystemforinspectionofmechanicalpartsL23』.Utilizingthismethodology,theauthorsselectedaflexibleCMMbasedsystemforcompletingtheirtask.

ThegoalofthispaperistointroduceandexplainthedesignprinciplesofRMs.ThesedesignprinciplesfollowtheconceptsandvisionoftheRMSphilosophypresentedinL6,7』andintroduceacompletesetofpracticaldesignprinciples.Basedonthesedesignprinciples,severalRMsweredesigned.Thepaperpresentsthreeexamplesofsuchmachinesdesignedformachining,inspectionandassemblyoperations.Weexplainhowthedesignprinciplesarereflectedintheactualdesignofeachmachine.Metalcutting,metrologyandassemblyrepresentdifferentmanufacturingoperations；however,similardesignprincipleshavebeenusedtodesignRMsforeachoftheseoperations.Twofull-scaleprototypesofRMswerebuilt

（Sections3and4）.TheseRMswereexperimentallytestedtoevaluatetheirreconfigurabilityfeaturesaswellastheirfunctionalperformance.Thepaperbrieflydescribessomeofthesestudiesandrefersthereaderstomorecomplete

2l

documentationofourresearchefforts.

Section2presentsandexplainsthedesignprinciplesofRMs.Sections3,4and5describeeachRMthatwasdesignedbasedonthedesignprinciplesdiscussedinSection2.Firstabriefdescriptionofthemachineisprovided.Then,theapplicationofthedesignprinciplesduringthedesignphaseaswellasthestudiesandvalidationperformedforeachmachineisdiscussed.Section6summarizesthepaperandpresentsconcludingremarks.

2Designprinciples

AnRMisamachinethatisspecificallydesignedtohandleproductvariantswithinaspecificpartfamily.AgooddesignofanRMisadesignthatmakesitproficientinhandlingchangesandsimplifiesthechangeoverprocedure.

ThedesignprinciplesofRMsfollowthephilosophyofreconfigurablemanufacturingsystems.RMsaredesignedmainlyformassproductionapplications.RMsaredesignedtoallowcustomizedflexibilityandacost-effectiveproductionandinspectionofafamilyofparts.

AmachineisclassifiedasanRMifitsdesignfollowsthenecessaryprincipleands