TOEFL试题.docx

TOEFL试题.docx

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TOEFL试题

2002年8月TOEFL试题

SectionThree:

ReadingComprehension

Question1-9

Oftenenoughthecraftworker’splaceofemploymentinancientGreecewassetin

ruralisolation.Potter,forinstance,founditconvenienttolocatetheirworkshopsnear

theirsourceofclay,regardlessofitsrelationtothecenterofsettlement,AtCorinthand

lineAthens,however,twoofthebest-knownpotters’quartersweresituatedonthecities’

（5）outskirts,andpottersandmakersofterra-cottafigurineswerealsoestablishedwellwithin

thecityofAthensitself.Thetechniquesofpotterymanufacturehadevolvedwellbefore

theGreekperiod,butmarkedstylisticdevelopmentsoccurredinshapeandindecoration,

forexample,intheinterplayofblackandotherglazeswiththeredsurfaceofthefiredpot.

Athenianblack-figureandred-figuredecoration,whichemphasizedhumanfiguresrather

（10）thananimalimages,wasadoptedbetween630and530.；itsdistinctivecolorandluster

weretheresultoftheskillfuladjustmentsofthekiln’stemperatureduringanextended

three-stageperiodiffiringtheclayware.Whetheritwasthepottersorthevase-painters

whoinitiatedchangesinfiringisunclear;thefunctionsofmakinganddecoratingwere

usuallydividedbetweenthem,butneithergroupcanhavebeensospecializedthethey

（15）didnotshareintheconcernsoftheother.

Thebroadutilityofterra-cottawassuchthatworkersinclaycouldgenerallyaffordto

Confinethemselvestoeitherdecoratedwareandhousewareslikecookingpotsandstorage

Jarsorbuildingmaterialslikerooftilesanddrainpipes.Somesixth-andfifth-century.

Athenianpotteryestablishmentsareknowntohaveconcentratedonalimitedrangeoffine

（20）ware,butaruralpotteryestablishmentontheislandofThasosproducedmanytypesof

potteryandrooftilestoo,presumablytomeetlocaldemand.Moldswereusedtocreate

particulareffectsforsomeproducts,suchasrelief-decoratedvesselsandfigurines;for

otherproductssuchasrooftiles,whichwereneededinsomequantity,theywereusedto

facilitatemassproduction.Therewerealsoanumberofpoor-qualityfigurinesandpainted

（25）potsproducedinquantitybyeasy,inexpensivemeans-asnumerousfeaturelessstatuettesandunattractivecasestestify.

1.ThepassagemainlydiscussesancientGreekpotteryandits

（A）productiontechniques

（B）similaritytoothercrafts

（C）unusualmaterials

（D）resemblancetoearlierpottery

2.Thephrase“regardlessof”inline3isclosestinmeaningto

（A）asaresultof

（B）nomatterwhat

（C）proudof

（D）accordingto

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmostpotteryestablishmentsinancientGreeceweresituated

（A）incitycenters

（B）ontheoutskirtsofcities

（C）whereclaycouldbefound

（D）nearotherpotters’workshops

4.Theword“marked”inline7isclosestinmeaningto

（A）original

（B）attractive

（C）noticeable

（D）patterned

5.Theword“confine”inline17isclosestinmeaningto

（A）adapt

（B）train

（C）restrict

（D）organize

6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatterra-cottahadwhichofthefollowingadvantages”

（A）Itdidnotbreakduringthefiringprocess.

（B）Itwaslessexpensivethanotheravailablematerials.

（C）Itssurfacehadalastingshine.

（D）Itcouldbeusedformanypurposes.

7.Theword“presumably”inline21isclosestinmeaningto

（A）frequently

（B）practically

（C）preferably

（D）probably

8.Theword“they”inline23refersto

（A）molds

（B）particulareffects

（C）products

（D）vesselsandfigurines

9.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueofancientGreekpottersandvasepaintersEXCEPT:

（A）Theirfunctionsweresospecializedthattheylackedcommonconcerns.

（B）Theysometimesproducedinferiorware.

（c）Theyproducedpiecesthathadunusualcolorandshine.

（D）Theydecoratedmanyoftheirworkswithhumanimages.

Question10-19

Geographerssaythatwhatdefinesaplacearefourproperties:

soil,climate,altitude,

andaspect,orattitudetotheSun.Florida’sancientscrubdemonstratesthisprinciple.Its

soilispuresilica,sobarrenitsupportsonlylichensasgroundcover.（Itdoes,however,

sustainasand-swimminglizardthatcannotlivewherethereismoistureorplantmatter

（5）thesoil.）Itsclimate,despitemorethan50inchesofannualrainfall,isblisteringdesert

plantlifeitcansustainisonlythexerophytic,thequintessentiallydry.Itsaltitudeisa

merecoupleofhundredfeet,butitishighgroundonapeninsulaelsewhereclosetosea

level,anditsdrainageissocriticalthatadifferenceofinchesinelevationcanbringmajor

changesinitsplantcommunities.Itsaspectisflat,direct,brutal—andsubtropical.

（10）Florida’ssurroundinglushnesscannotimpingeonitsdesertscrubbiness.

Thisdoesnotsoundlikeanattractiveplace.Itdoesnotlookmuchlikeoneeither;

Shrubbylittleoaks,clumpsofscragglybushes,pricklypear,thorns,andtangles.“Itappear

Saidoneearlynaturalist,”todesiretodisplaytheresultofthemiserythroughwhichithas

Passedandispassing.”Byournarrowstandards,scrubisnotbeautiful;neitherdoesitmeet

（15）ourselfishutilitarianneeds.Eventhenameisanepithet,asynonymforthestunted,the

scruffy,theinsignificant,whatisbeautifulaboutsuchaplace

ThemostimportantremainingpatchesofscrubliealongtheLakeWalesRidge,achain

ofpaleoislandsrunningforahundredmilesdownthecenterofFlorida,inmostplacesless

thantenmileswide.Itisrelictseashore,tossedupmillionsofyearsagowhenoceanlevels

（20）werehigherandtherestofthepeninsulawassubmerged.Thatancientemergenceis

preciselywhatmakesLakeWalesRidgesoprecious:

ithasremainedunsubmerged,its

ecosystemsessentiallyundisturbed,sincetheMioceneera.Asaresult,ithasgatheredto

itselfoneofthelargestcollectionsofrareorganismsintheworld.Onlyabout75plant

speciessurvivethere,butatleast30ofthesearefoundnowhereelseonEarth.

10.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss

（A）Howgeographersdefineaplace

（B）ThecharacteristicsofFlorida’sancientscrub

（C）Anearlynaturalist’sopinionofFlorida

（D）ThehistoryoftheLakeWalesRidge

11.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasfactorsthatdefineaplaceEXCEPT

（A）aspect

（B）altitude

（C）soil

（D）life-forms

12.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatsoilcomposedofsilica

（A）doesnotholdmoisture

（B）isfoundonlyinFlorida

（C）nourishesmanykindsofgroundcover

（D）providesfoodformanykindsoflizards

13.Theword”sustain”inline6isclosetsinmeaningto

（A）select

（B）strain

（C）support

（D）store

14.Theauthormentionsthepricklypear（line12）

asanexampleof

（A）valuablefruit-bearingplantsofthescrubarea

（B）unattractiveplantlifeofthescrubarea

（C）apantdiscoveredbyanearlynaturalist

（D）plantlifethatisextremelyare

15.Theauthorsuggeststhathumanstandardsofbeautyare

（A）tolerant

（B）idealistic

（C）defensible

（D）limited

16.Theword“insignificant”inline16isclosestinmeaningto

（A）unimportant

（B）undisturbed

（C）immature

（D）inappropriate

17.Accordingtothepassage,whyistheLakeWalesRidgevaluable

（A）Itwasoriginallysubmergedintheocean.

（B）Itislessthantenmileswide.

（C）Itislocatedneartheseashore.

（D）Ithasecosystemsthathavelongremainedunchanged

18.Theword“it”inline22referto

（A）Florida

（B）thepeninsula

（C）theLakeWalesRidge

（D）theMioceneera

19.Thepassageprobablycontinueswithadiscussionof

（A）ancientscrubfoundinotherareasofthecountry

（B）geographerswhostudyFlorida’sscrub

（C）theclimateoftheLakeWalesRidge

（D）theuniqueplantsfoundontheLakeWalesRidge

Question20-30

Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhavebecome

extinct.WhatcausesextinctionWhenaspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachanged

environment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspecies’deathvaryfromsituation

Linetosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.

（5）Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Food

Resourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblems

Foraspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoan

Environment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.

ThefossilrecordrevealsthatextinctionhasoccurredthroughoutthehistoryofEarth.

（10）Recentanalyseshavealsorevealedthatonsomeoccasionsmanyspeciesbecameextinct

atthesametime—amassextinction.Oneofthebest-knownexamplesofmassextinction

occurred65millionyearsagowiththedemiseofdinosaursandmanyotherformsoflife.

Perhapsthelargestmassextinctionwastheonethatoccurred225millionyearsago,

Whenapproximately95percentofallspeciesdied,Massextinctionscanbecausedby

（15）arelativelyrapidchangeintheenvironmentandcanbeworsenedbytheclose

interrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,forexample,somethingweretohappentodestroy

muchoftheplanktonintheoceans,thentheoxygencontentofEarthwoulddrop,

affectionevenorganismsnotlivingintheoceans.Suchachangewouldprobablyleadtoamassextinction.

（20）Oneinteresting,andcontroversial,findingisthatextinctionsduringthepast250

Millionyearshavetendedtobemoreintenseevery26millionyears.Thisperiodic

extinctionmightbeduetointersectionoftheEarth’sorbitwithacloudofcomets,but

thistheoryispurelyspeculative.Someresearchershavealsospeculatedtatextinction

mayofte