三级语法.docx

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三级语法

三级语法---------定语从句

定语从句全真试题

•1.Heneverstoppedtryingtodosomething______todo.(2001/6)

A.whichhedecidedB.thathehaddecided

C.hedecidesD.hewoulddecide

2.Shespentalotoftimeinthatsmalltown_____shewasborn.(2002/1)

A.whichB.that

C.whenD.where

•3.Thedoctor_____inthepoverty-strickenvillagewaspopularwiththevillagers.(2003/1)

A.settleddownB.whichsettleddown

C.whosettleddownD.settlingdown

4.Theinvestigation,_____willsoonbepublished,wasmadebyProfessorSmith.(1997/1)

A.atwhichtheresultsB.theresultsonwhich

C.whoseresultsD.ofwhichresults.

5.HespokeEnglishconfidentlyandfluently,_____impressedmemost.(2003/12)

A.sothatB.it

C.thatD.which

6.Theteachertoldthestudentsthefinalexamwouldbepieceofcake,_____,onthecontrary,madethestudentsevenmorenervous.(2009/6)

A.thisB.which

C.itD.that

7.____canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthetwocharts,salesofautomobilesjumped3.2percentinOctober.(2006/12)

A.AsB.WhatC.SoD.That

8.Manythings---goingabroad,owingacar,____impossibleinthepastarenowverycommon.(2006/12)

A.beingconsideredB.tobeconsidered

C.wereconsideredD.considered

定语从句

定语从句是三级考试中几乎每次必考的语法点。

其用法比较复杂,以下从三个方面讲述定语从句。

一、关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句

1、定语从句可以由关系代词或关系副词引导。

关系代词:

who,whom,whose,which,that

关系副词:

when,where,why

定语从句

e.g.1.Noonelivesintheroomwhosewindowsarebroken.(2000/1)

2.Thebookwhich/thatyouarereadingiswrittenbyacontemporaryAmericannovelist.

3.Heshowedmeaphotoofthefancyhotelontheseashorewherehestayedforaweek.

2、关系代词which&that

关系代词which和that在从句中充当宾语成分,可以省略。

e.g.Thebag(that/which)mywifeiscarryingwasboughtinItaly.

定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况

1)当先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词时:

Oncetheyhadfame,fortune,securefutures;nowall______isleftispoverty.(1999/1)

A.whichB.thatC.whatD.it

2)当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时:

e.g.1.Thisisthemostimportantpositionthat(不用which)agraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenoffered.

2.ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasBigBen.

3)当先行词既有人又有物时:

e.g.Theoldmanandhisdogthatyousawalongtheriverareclosefriends.

4)当先行词被first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very,just等限定词修饰时:

e.g.1.Pleasesendmeanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.

2.ThisistheveryhousethatIamafteralltheseyears.

 

定语从句中只能用which不能用that的情况

1)在非限制性定语从句中,引导词只能是which(有时也用as),而不能用that。

e.g.Thecrimewasnotdiscoveredtill48hourslater,whichgavethecriminalplentytimetogetaway

2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,只能用which不能用that:

e.g.IcouldnotfindthenotebookonwhichIhadwrotehisaddress.

注意:

inthat是状语从句连词,意为:

“因为”

e.g.Privatizationisthoughttobebeneficialinthatitpromotescompetition.

3、关系代词whose

whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。

e.g.Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.

Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.

注意:

指物时,whose可以用“ofwhich(the)”结构来代替:

Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?

=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?

4.关系代词as

当先行词受such,as,thesame等修饰时,关系词常用as。

I’veneverheardasinterestingastoryashetells.

Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.

ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.

注意:

当先行词受thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。

SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.

Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.

5.关系代词but

but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句,相当于“which/that/who/whom+not”

Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.

(but=whodon’t)

Therearenodifficultiesbutcanbeovercome.

(but=thatnot)

 

二、“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句

掌握该语法点的要点如下:

1、该结构即可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;

2、该结构中,关系代词只能是whom或which,不用that;

3、该结构中介词的选择可能要根据上下文的意思,或根据先行词的习惯搭配。

e.g.1.Wewentuptotheroof,fromwhichwehadagoodviewoftheparade(2002/6)

2.Janespentalleveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,ofwhichnoneofushadeverheard.(1995/6)

3.Thisisthefarmonwhichhehasworkedformorethan10years.

三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,对先行词起限定作用,如果省略会使原句意思残缺。

非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开,修饰先行词或整个主句,仅仅对主句起补充说明作用,省略不改变原句意思的完整性。

e.g.1.Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.

(非限制性定语从句修饰先行词)

2.ThefellowIspoketogavenoanswer,whichpuzzledme.(2004/6)(非限制性定语从句修饰主句)

 

试比较以下限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在句意上的区别

IhaveabrotherwhoisstudyingatZhejiangUniversity.

言外之意:

我可能还有另外兄弟,但不在浙大上学。

 

Ihaveabrother,whoisstudyingatZhejiangUniversity.

言外之意:

我只有一个在浙大上学的兄弟。

四、关系代词的省略

关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句作宾语时可以省略。

但以下情况例外:

1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,连词不能省略

e.g.Thisistheheadmasterwithwhommyfather

wastalkingjustnow.

注意:

当介词防在动词后时,连词可省

Thisistheheadmaster(whom)myfatherwastalkingwithjustnow

2.在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略.

e.g.Mr.Green,whomyouknow,isthetallestinourschool.

3.在thesame…as,such…as,so…as,thesame…that结构中,as和that即使做宾语也不可以省略

e.g.1.Ihaveboughtthesamebookasyouhave(bought).

2.ThisisthesamebookthatIreadthedaybeforeyesterday.

4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,只有第一个关系代词可以省略

e.g.Thisisthebook(which)IreadyesterdayandwhichIfindveryinteresting.

5.关系副词的省略

(1)当先行词是reason,而且在定语从句中作原因状语时,关系副词why可以省略

e.g.Thereason(why)hefailedwashislaziness.

(2)当先行词是way,而且在定语从句中作方式状语时,连词可以用inwhich,that,也可以省略.

e.g.Thatwastheway(inwhich/that)sheworkedtheproblemout.

注意:

以下情况连词不可省

e.g.Idon’tknowthewaythat/whichleadstothetopofthemoutain.(连词做主语)

五、定语从句&同位语从句

1.同位语从句,即从句在句中作主语或宾语的同位语,是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。

e.g.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.

Thefactthatthetransportofthegoodscoststoomuchwasnotdiscussed.

其后常用同位语从句的名词主要是抽象名词,如:

belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,

possibility,thought,message,problem,

promise,等等。

2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(比较)

同位语从句:

Thesuggestionthatwediscusstheproblemalloveragainisagoodone.

定语从句:

Thesuggestionthathegaveatthemeetingwasagoodone.

1.同位语从句是名词性从句,他的作用是对名词进行补充说明;

定语从句是形容词性从句,他的作用是对先行词进行修饰限定,描述其性质或特征.

2.同位语从句中的连词that在从句中不充当成分,只起到连词的作用,一般不可省略;

定语从句中的连词that在从句中充当主语或宾语,有实际意义,作宾语时还可以省略

 

让步状语从句

让步状语从句全真试题

1.____goodtoChina’seconomicprospectsare,westillhavealongwaytogo.(1997/6)

A.WhateverB.However

C.EvenifD.Although

2.Thoughtheelectriccaristechnicallypossible,_____notveryprofitable.(2003/1)

A.itisB.butitis

C.anditisD.howeveritis

3.Thewoodenhouseisstillingoodcondition_____itwasbuiltover100yearsago.(2005/12)

A.sinceB.because

C.despiteD.though

4.Whydothoserichpeoplestealthings_____theycouldeasilyaffordtobuythem?

(2006/6)

A.thatB.because

C.ifD.when

5.Schoolsinthenorthtendtobebetterequipped,_____thoseinthesoutharerelativelypoor,(2006/12)

A.andB.while

C.butD.however

6.Whatyousaidwastrue.Itwas,______,alittleimpolite.(2006/6)

A.neverthelessB.otherwise

C.thusD.furthermore

让步状语从句通常用though,although,nomatter,evenif,if,eventhough,however,whatever等引起

1.although和though引导的让步状语从句:

① 两个词同义,一般情况下可以互换使用,如:

Hedidn’tlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.

②though可以和even连用,但although不可以,如:

Although(Eventhough)thetrafficheldusup,wegottotheairportontime.

③though可以放在句中或句末,通常用逗号隔开,如:

Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidn’t,though.

④though引导的从句可用倒装语序(即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前),而although不能这样用,如:

Youngthoughsheis,yetsheisfitforthejob.(=Youngassheis,…)

⑤有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although,以加强语气,但不可用but,如:

Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.

⑥当主句中的主语和从句中的主语指同一个人或物时,though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be可以省略,如:

Though(itwas)cold,itwasafinewintermorning.

Though(hewas)severelywounded,yetherefusedtoleavethebattlefield.

Though(theywere)verytired,theycontinuedtomarchon.

2.evenif,eventhough和if引导的让步状语从句:

△evenif与eventhough同义,常用于强调让步概念,如:

I’lldoit,evenifittakesmealltheafternoon.

Hewasthereevenifwedidn’tseehim.

Evenifyoufail,youcantryagain.

I’llhelpyou,evenifIdon’tsleepforanight.

注:

if有时也可以用于让步含义,但要注意条件if与让步if的区别,试比较:

Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?

(条件)

Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步)(=evenif)

Ifheisinexperienced,hewon’tbeabletoaccomplishit.(条件)

Ifheisinexperienced,heisatanyrateeagertolearn.(让步)(=evenif)

IfJohnhadbeenthere,Iwouldhaveseenhim.(条件)

IfJohnwasthere,Ididn’tseehim.(让步)(=evenif)

3.由as,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构:

as可引导让步从句,但as一般不置于句首,而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。

(though,that与as一样,也可以用于这种结构),如下面几种情况:

①表语的倒装:

Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.

OldasIam,Icanstillfight.

Cleverasyoumaybe,youcannotdothat.

Tallas/thoughhewas,hecouldn’treachthetopshelf.

Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.

②状语的倒装(这时状语之前不可加very,much等修饰语)

MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.

HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.

③谓语动词的倒装:

Tryashewould,hecouldnotrememberawordofit.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry…)

Tryashemight,hedidn’tpasstheexam.

Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.

Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothingintheroom.

注意事项:

①如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语,不再用冠词,如:

TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.

Childas/thathewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.

Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.

Childasheis,heknowsm

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