新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案for Unit 5.docx
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新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案forUnit5
Unit5EducationalSystem
PassageAOnEducation
BackgroundKnowledge
1.AlbertEinstein
Albert Einstein(14March1879–18April1955)wasatheoreticalphysicist,philosopherandauthorwhoiswidelyregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialandbestknownscientistsandintellectualsofalltime.Heisoftenregardedasthefatherofmodernphysics.Hereceivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysics"forhisservicestoTheoreticalPhysics,andespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect."
(1)Biography
Einsteinwasbornin1879inUlm,acityinGermany.HisfatherwasHermannEinstein,asalesmanandengineer.HismotherwasPaulineEinstein.TheEinsteinswerenon-observantJews.AlthoughEinsteinhadearlyspeechdifficulties,laterinhischildhoodheshowedgreatcuriosityaboutnatureandabilitytosolvedifficultmathematicalproblems.Afterheleftschool,hewenttoSwitzerland,wherehegraduatedfromtheuniversitywithadegreeinmathematics.
EinsteinandMilevaMarićmarriedinJanuary1903.Theyhadtwosonsbutdivorcedon14February1919.EinsteinmarriedElsaLöwenthalinthesameyearandemigratedpermanentlytotheUnitedStatesin1933.
(2)Majorcontributionstoscience
In1905,Einsteinbegantopublishaseriesofpaperswhichshookthewholescientificandintellectualworld.Hismajorcontributionstosciencescontaintwoaspects:
a.TheSpecialandGeneralTheoriesofRelativity
Einstein'searlyworkonthetheoryofrelativity(1905)dealtonlywithsystemsorobserversinuniformmotionandisreferredtoasthespecialtheoryofrelativity;amongotherresults,itdemonstratedthattwoobserversmovingatgreatspeedwilldisagreeaboutmeasurementsoflengthandtimeintervalsmadeineachother'ssystems,thatthespeedoflightisthelimitingspeedofallbodieshavingmass,andthatmassandenergyareequivalent.In1911heassertedtheequivalenceofgravitationandinertia,andin1916hecompletedhismathematicalformulationofageneraltheoryofrelativitywhichincludedgravitationasadeterminerofthecurvatureofaspace-timecontinuum.Hethenbeganworkonhisunifiedfieldtheory,whichattemptstoexplaingravitation,electromagnetism,andsubatomicphenomenainonesetoflaws;thesuccessfuldevelopmentofsuchaunifiedtheory,however,eludedEinstein.
b.Photons(光子)andtheQuantum(量子)Theory
Inadditiontothetheoryofrelativity,Einsteinisalsoknownforhiscontributionstothedevelopmentofthequantumtheory.Hepostulatedlightquanta,uponwhichhebasedhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect,andhedevelopedthequantumtheoryofspecificheat.Althoughhewasoneoftheleadingfiguresinthedevelopmentofquantumtheory,Einsteinregardeditasonlyatemporarilyusefulstructure.Hereservedhismaineffortsforhisunifiedfieldtheory,feelingthatwhenitwascompletedthequantizationofenergyandchargewouldbefoundtobeaconsequenceofit.
2.Commonwealth
“Commonwealth”isatraditionalEnglishtermforapoliticalcommunityfoundedforthecommongood.Thenoun“commonwealth”inthetextmeans“publicwelfare;generalgoodoradvantage”.
Theoriginalphrase“thecommon-wealth”or“thecommonweal”comesfromtheoldmeaningof“wealth”,whichis“well-being”.Thetermliterallymeant“commonwell-being”.Intheseventeenthcenturythedefinitionof“commonwealth”expandedfromitsoriginalsenseof“publicwelfare”or“commonweal”,tomean“astateinwhichthesupremepowerisvestedinthepeople;arepublicordemocraticstate”.
3.Relatedwebsitesandwebpages:
http:
//www.aip.org/history/einstein/
http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
TeachingDesign
1.TheStructureoftheText
Parts
Paragraphs
MainIdeaofEachPart
PartOne
Paras.1-2
Theschooltransfersthewealthoftraditionandtrainsyoungindividualofpersonaloriginalityandpersonalaims.
PartTwo
Paras.3-4
Theschoolshouldencouragestudentstoactuallaborandactivitytorealizetheideal.
PartThree
Paras.5-8
Motivation,ambitionandpleasurearethreemotivesforsuccess.
2.Thewritingstyleofthepassage
Thepassageisanextractofthefamousaddress“OnEducation”byAlbertEinstein,atAlbany3N.Y.,ontheoccasionofthecelebrationofthetercentenaryofhighereducationinAmerica,October15,1936.Theextractispresentedinclearlogic:
theimportanceofschool—theaimoftheschool—theimportantelementsforrealization.
Einsteinappliedmanylongsentenceswithparallelism,suchasthatofnounphrases:
“Thesameworkmayoweitsorigintofearandimpulse,ambitiousdesireforauthorityanddistinction,orlovinginterestintheobjectandadesireforthetruthandunderstanding…divinecuriosity…;…fearofhurt,selfishpassionordesireforpleasureandsatisfaction…”,andprepositionalphrases“Thisappliesaswellto…asto….asto…”.Shortphrasesinparallelismcreatefastspaceandenhancethetone,drawingtheattentionofaudienceandreaders.
Besides,Einsteindrewacomparisonbetweencommonmisunderstandingofeducationandthecorrectmeans,suchas“Sometimesoneseesintheschoolsimplytheinstrument…Butthatisnotright…Itshoulddevelop…”,“Buthowshall…?
Shouldone…?
Notatall…”.
3.SuggestionstoTeachingActivities
1)Warming-upactivity:
Oraldiscussionwithguidanceofthefollowingwordpuzzle:
First,askstudentsthequestion:
“HowdoyouthinkofeducationinChina/theuniversity?
”Invite2studentstogiveimmediatereplies.
Second,showstudentthewordpuzzle,anddividestudentsintogroups,fourinone.Eachgroupshouldfindout6~13wordsrelatedtoeducation,thenbegingroupdiscuss:
“Isthereanyrelationshipbetweeneducationandthepuzzledwords?
How?
”
EZIROMEMLMFBC
EPLEASUREOZDA
NOURISHMUTGIP
ZWYKCCORDISLA
WTCMXVMRNVSIB
REIRRACYEENGI
ECNAUNITNOCEL
YTILAUDIVIDNI
STANDARDISETT
GADEAPPROVALY
SATISFACTIONX
JOYSYTISOIRUC
Key:
(13words)approval,capability,carrier,continuance,curiosity,diligent,individuality,memorize,motive,nourish,pleasure,satisfaction,standardize
2)Reference:
Famousquotationsandquotesoneducation:
1.Donottrainachildtolearnbyforceorharshness;butdirectthemtoitbywhatamusestheirminds,sothatyoumaybebetterabletodiscoverwithaccuracythepeculiarbentofthegeniusofeach.—Plato(BC427-BC347)GreekPhilosopher
2.Letusthinkofeducationasthemeansofdevelopingourgreatestabilities,becauseineachofusthereisaprivatehopeanddreamwhich,fulfilled,canbetranslatedintobenefitforeveryoneandgreaterstrengthforournation.—JohnF.Kennedy(1917-1963)Thirty-fifthpresidentoftheUSA
3.Icannotteachanybodyanything,Icanonlymakethemthink.—Socrates(BC469-BC399)GreekphilosopherofAthens
4.Ifamanemptieshispurseintohishead,nomancantakeitawayfromhim.Aninvestmentinknowledgealwayspaysthebestinterest.—BenjiaminFranklin(1706-1955)Americanstatesman,scientistandphilosopher
5.Ifyouthinkintermsofayear,plantaseed;ifintermsoftenyears,planttrees;ifintermsof100years,teachthepeople.—Confucius(BC551-BC479)Chinesephilosopher
DetailedDiscussionoftheText
1.Theschoolhasalwaysbeenthemostimportantmeansoftransferringthewealthoftraditionfromonegenerationtothenext.(Para.1)
transfer:
a)v.tomovesomethingfromoneplaceorpositiontoanother搬运,迁移
e.g.
We’retransferringproductiontoDetroit.
我们正在把生产移到底特律。
I’dliketotransfer$500intomycurrentaccount.
我想把500美元转到我的活期帐户上。
b)n.theprocessbywhichsomeoneorsomethingmovesfromoneplaceorjobtoanother转移,调动
e.g.
Penny’sappliedforatransfertoanotherpartofthecompany.
彭尼已经申请到公司的其他部门工作。
ThepeacefultransferofpowerinSouthAfricaisinspiring.
南非权力的和平过渡鼓舞人心。
2.Thisappliesaswelltothefirstattemptsatwritingoftheprimaryboyastothedoctor’sthesis…,orastothemerememorizingofapoem….(Para.4)
Thissentenceomits“well”intherepeatedstructure“aswell”toachieveconciseness.Thecompletestructureshouldbe“appliesaswellto…aswellto…aswellto…”.
apply…to…:
tousesth.suchasamethod,ideainaparticularsituation,activity,orprocess使用,应用
e.g.
Newtechnologyisbeingappliedtoalmosteveryindustrialprocess.
新技术正被应用到几乎所有工业流程。
Thisbookdoesnotapplytobeginners.
这本书对初学者不适用。
3.Butbehindeveryachievementexiststhemotivationwhichisatthefoundationofitandwhichinturnisstrengthenedandnourishedbytheaccomplishmentoftheundertaking.(Para.5)
Thisisaninvertedsentence,inwhichthesubject“themotivation”appearsaftertheverb“exist”.Thisconstructioncausesthesubjecttoreceivemoreemphasis.Thereareseveralmaintypesofinversion:
a.Inversionafterinitialnegativesoftimeexpressions“never,rarely,seldom,hardly,barely,scarcely,nosooner,onlyafter,onlywhen,onlythen,…”
e.g.
NeverhaveIbeenmoreinsulted!
我从未被如此侮辱过!
Hardlyeverhavetherebeensomanychoicesforyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforceastherearetoday.
很少有像现在进入劳动大军的年轻人面临的如此多选择。
OnlythendidIunderstandtheproblem.
直到那时候,我才明白这个问题。
Onlyaftertheearthquakehadtakenplacedidthelackofsafetymeasurebecomeobvious.
直到地震发生后,人们才意识到缺乏安全措施这个问题。
b.Inversionafter“so+a.+that,such+be+…(that)”
e.g.
Sodifficultisthetestthatstudentsneedthreemonthstoprepare.
这个考试如此地难,以至于学生要准备3个月。
Suchisthestuffofdreams.
这就是梦想。
Suchisatruththatwherethereisawill,thereisaw