新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案for Unit 5.docx

新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案for Unit 5.docx

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新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案forUnit5

Unit5EducationalSystem

PassageAOnEducation

BackgroundKnowledge

1.AlbertEinstein

Albert Einstein（14March1879–18April1955）wasatheoreticalphysicist,philosopherandauthorwhoiswidelyregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialandbestknownscientistsandintellectualsofalltime.Heisoftenregardedasthefatherofmodernphysics.Hereceivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysics"forhisservicestoTheoreticalPhysics,andespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect."

（1）Biography

Einsteinwasbornin1879inUlm,acityinGermany.HisfatherwasHermannEinstein,asalesmanandengineer.HismotherwasPaulineEinstein.TheEinsteinswerenon-observantJews.AlthoughEinsteinhadearlyspeechdifficulties,laterinhischildhoodheshowedgreatcuriosityaboutnatureandabilitytosolvedifficultmathematicalproblems.Afterheleftschool,hewenttoSwitzerland,wherehegraduatedfromtheuniversitywithadegreeinmathematics.

EinsteinandMilevaMarićmarriedinJanuary1903.Theyhadtwosonsbutdivorcedon14February1919.EinsteinmarriedElsaLöwenthalinthesameyearandemigratedpermanentlytotheUnitedStatesin1933.

（2）Majorcontributionstoscience

In1905,Einsteinbegantopublishaseriesofpaperswhichshookthewholescientificandintellectualworld.Hismajorcontributionstosciencescontaintwoaspects:

a.TheSpecialandGeneralTheoriesofRelativity

Einstein'searlyworkonthetheoryofrelativity（1905）dealtonlywithsystemsorobserversinuniformmotionandisreferredtoasthespecialtheoryofrelativity;amongotherresults,itdemonstratedthattwoobserversmovingatgreatspeedwilldisagreeaboutmeasurementsoflengthandtimeintervalsmadeineachother'ssystems,thatthespeedoflightisthelimitingspeedofallbodieshavingmass,andthatmassandenergyareequivalent.In1911heassertedtheequivalenceofgravitationandinertia,andin1916hecompletedhismathematicalformulationofageneraltheoryofrelativitywhichincludedgravitationasadeterminerofthecurvatureofaspace-timecontinuum.Hethenbeganworkonhisunifiedfieldtheory,whichattemptstoexplaingravitation,electromagnetism,andsubatomicphenomenainonesetoflaws;thesuccessfuldevelopmentofsuchaunifiedtheory,however,eludedEinstein.

b.Photons（光子）andtheQuantum（量子）Theory

Inadditiontothetheoryofrelativity,Einsteinisalsoknownforhiscontributionstothedevelopmentofthequantumtheory.Hepostulatedlightquanta,uponwhichhebasedhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect,andhedevelopedthequantumtheoryofspecificheat.Althoughhewasoneoftheleadingfiguresinthedevelopmentofquantumtheory,Einsteinregardeditasonlyatemporarilyusefulstructure.Hereservedhismaineffortsforhisunifiedfieldtheory,feelingthatwhenitwascompletedthequantizationofenergyandchargewouldbefoundtobeaconsequenceofit.

2.Commonwealth

“Commonwealth”isatraditionalEnglishtermforapoliticalcommunityfoundedforthecommongood.Thenoun“commonwealth”inthetextmeans“publicwelfare;generalgoodoradvantage”.

Theoriginalphrase“thecommon-wealth”or“thecommonweal”comesfromtheoldmeaningof“wealth”,whichis“well-being”.Thetermliterallymeant“commonwell-being”.Intheseventeenthcenturythedefinitionof“commonwealth”expandedfromitsoriginalsenseof“publicwelfare”or“commonweal”,tomean“astateinwhichthesupremepowerisvestedinthepeople;arepublicordemocraticstate”.

3.Relatedwebsitesandwebpages:

http:

//www.aip.org/history/einstein/

http:

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

TeachingDesign

1.TheStructureoftheText

Parts

Paragraphs

MainIdeaofEachPart

PartOne

Paras.1-2

Theschooltransfersthewealthoftraditionandtrainsyoungindividualofpersonaloriginalityandpersonalaims.

PartTwo

Paras.3-4

Theschoolshouldencouragestudentstoactuallaborandactivitytorealizetheideal.

PartThree

Paras.5-8

Motivation,ambitionandpleasurearethreemotivesforsuccess.

2.Thewritingstyleofthepassage

Thepassageisanextractofthefamousaddress“OnEducation”byAlbertEinstein,atAlbany3N.Y.,ontheoccasionofthecelebrationofthetercentenaryofhighereducationinAmerica,October15,1936.Theextractispresentedinclearlogic:

theimportanceofschool—theaimoftheschool—theimportantelementsforrealization.

Einsteinappliedmanylongsentenceswithparallelism,suchasthatofnounphrases:

“Thesameworkmayoweitsorigintofearandimpulse,ambitiousdesireforauthorityanddistinction,orlovinginterestintheobjectandadesireforthetruthandunderstanding…divinecuriosity…;…fearofhurt,selfishpassionordesireforpleasureandsatisfaction…”,andprepositionalphrases“Thisappliesaswellto…asto….asto…”.Shortphrasesinparallelismcreatefastspaceandenhancethetone,drawingtheattentionofaudienceandreaders.

Besides,Einsteindrewacomparisonbetweencommonmisunderstandingofeducationandthecorrectmeans,suchas“Sometimesoneseesintheschoolsimplytheinstrument…Butthatisnotright…Itshoulddevelop…”,“Buthowshall…?

Shouldone…?

Notatall…”.

3.SuggestionstoTeachingActivities

1）Warming-upactivity:

Oraldiscussionwithguidanceofthefollowingwordpuzzle:

First,askstudentsthequestion:

“HowdoyouthinkofeducationinChina/theuniversity?

”Invite2studentstogiveimmediatereplies.

Second,showstudentthewordpuzzle,anddividestudentsintogroups,fourinone.Eachgroupshouldfindout6~13wordsrelatedtoeducation,thenbegingroupdiscuss:

“Isthereanyrelationshipbetweeneducationandthepuzzledwords?

How?

”

EZIROMEMLMFBC

EPLEASUREOZDA

NOURISHMUTGIP

ZWYKCCORDISLA

WTCMXVMRNVSIB

REIRRACYEENGI

ECNAUNITNOCEL

YTILAUDIVIDNI

STANDARDISETT

GADEAPPROVALY

SATISFACTIONX

JOYSYTISOIRUC

Key:

（13words）approval,capability,carrier,continuance,curiosity,diligent,individuality,memorize,motive,nourish,pleasure,satisfaction,standardize

2）Reference:

Famousquotationsandquotesoneducation:

1.Donottrainachildtolearnbyforceorharshness;butdirectthemtoitbywhatamusestheirminds,sothatyoumaybebetterabletodiscoverwithaccuracythepeculiarbentofthegeniusofeach.—Plato（BC427-BC347）GreekPhilosopher

2.Letusthinkofeducationasthemeansofdevelopingourgreatestabilities,becauseineachofusthereisaprivatehopeanddreamwhich,fulfilled,canbetranslatedintobenefitforeveryoneandgreaterstrengthforournation.—JohnF.Kennedy（1917-1963）Thirty-fifthpresidentoftheUSA

3.Icannotteachanybodyanything,Icanonlymakethemthink.—Socrates（BC469-BC399）GreekphilosopherofAthens

4.Ifamanemptieshispurseintohishead,nomancantakeitawayfromhim.Aninvestmentinknowledgealwayspaysthebestinterest.—BenjiaminFranklin（1706-1955）Americanstatesman,scientistandphilosopher

5.Ifyouthinkintermsofayear,plantaseed;ifintermsoftenyears,planttrees;ifintermsof100years,teachthepeople.—Confucius（BC551-BC479）Chinesephilosopher

DetailedDiscussionoftheText

1.Theschoolhasalwaysbeenthemostimportantmeansoftransferringthewealthoftraditionfromonegenerationtothenext.（Para.1）

transfer:

a）v.tomovesomethingfromoneplaceorpositiontoanother搬运,迁移

e.g.

We’retransferringproductiontoDetroit.

我们正在把生产移到底特律。

I’dliketotransfer$500intomycurrentaccount.

我想把500美元转到我的活期帐户上。

b）n.theprocessbywhichsomeoneorsomethingmovesfromoneplaceorjobtoanother转移,调动

e.g.

Penny’sappliedforatransfertoanotherpartofthecompany.

彭尼已经申请到公司的其他部门工作。

ThepeacefultransferofpowerinSouthAfricaisinspiring.

南非权力的和平过渡鼓舞人心。

2.Thisappliesaswelltothefirstattemptsatwritingoftheprimaryboyastothedoctor’sthesis…,orastothemerememorizingofapoem….（Para.4）

Thissentenceomits“well”intherepeatedstructure“aswell”toachieveconciseness.Thecompletestructureshouldbe“appliesaswellto…aswellto…aswellto…”.

apply…to…:

tousesth.suchasamethod,ideainaparticularsituation,activity,orprocess使用,应用

e.g.

Newtechnologyisbeingappliedtoalmosteveryindustrialprocess.

新技术正被应用到几乎所有工业流程。

Thisbookdoesnotapplytobeginners.

这本书对初学者不适用。

3.Butbehindeveryachievementexiststhemotivationwhichisatthefoundationofitandwhichinturnisstrengthenedandnourishedbytheaccomplishmentoftheundertaking.（Para.5）

Thisisaninvertedsentence,inwhichthesubject“themotivation”appearsaftertheverb“exist”.Thisconstructioncausesthesubjecttoreceivemoreemphasis.Thereareseveralmaintypesofinversion:

a.Inversionafterinitialnegativesoftimeexpressions“never,rarely,seldom,hardly,barely,scarcely,nosooner,onlyafter,onlywhen,onlythen,…”

e.g.

NeverhaveIbeenmoreinsulted!

我从未被如此侮辱过！

Hardlyeverhavetherebeensomanychoicesforyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforceastherearetoday.

很少有像现在进入劳动大军的年轻人面临的如此多选择。

OnlythendidIunderstandtheproblem.

直到那时候，我才明白这个问题。

Onlyaftertheearthquakehadtakenplacedidthelackofsafetymeasurebecomeobvious.

直到地震发生后，人们才意识到缺乏安全措施这个问题。

b.Inversionafter“so+a.+that,such+be+…（that）”

e.g.

Sodifficultisthetestthatstudentsneedthreemonthstoprepare.

这个考试如此地难，以至于学生要准备3个月。

Suchisthestuffofdreams.

这就是梦想。

Suchisatruththatwherethereisawill,thereisaw