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汉语

EnvironmentalDevelopment14（2015）37-52

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

EnvironmentalDevelopment

journalhomepage:

Environmentalrisksofhigh-speedrailwayin

China:

Publicparticipation,perceptionandtrust

GuizhenHe

a,n

ArthurP.J.Molb,LeiZhangc,YonglongLua

aStateKeyLaboratoryofUrbanandRegionalEcology,ResearchCentreforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,

ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100085,China

bEnvironmentalPolicyGroup,WageningenUniversity,Hollandseweg1,6706KNWageningen,

TheNetherlands

cSchoolofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,RenminUniversityofChina,Beijing100872,China

articleinfo

Articlehistory:

Received23June2014

Receivedinrevisedform

2February2015

Accepted10February2015

Keywords:

Beijing-Shanghairailway

Riskcommunication

Transparency

Government

abstract

TwodecadesagoChinaenteredanerawithrapidexpansionof

transportinfrastructure.Inanambitiousplanonhigh-speedrailway

development,Chinaplanstohavethelongesthigh-speedrailway

networkby2020.Socialconcernsandanxietywiththeadverse

environmentalandsocialrisksandimpactsofhigh-speedrailwaysare

relatedtothelay-out,theconstructionandthedailyoperationof

high-speedtrains.Whileanecdotalevidenceofconcernsandanxieties

ofChinesecitizensonhigh-speedrailwaysystemsexist,systematic

assessmentofconcerns,anxieties,protestsandsupportofChinese

citizensregardingtheplanning,implementationanddailyoperation

ofhigh-speedrailwaysisabsent.Thisstudyinvestigatedhigh-speed

railwayrelatedpublicviews,riskperceptionsandtrustofChinese

residentslivingalongtheBeijing-Shanghaihigh-speedrailway.The

resultsshowhighpublicacceptanceinhigh-speedrailway,dueto

perceivedlowenvironmentalandsocialriskandhigheconomicand

socialbenefits.Thecurrentclosed,government-dominateddecision-

making,opaqueinformationprovisioning,andlackofcommunication

withandinvolvementofresidentscauselowlevelsoftrustinrailway-

relatedlocalgovernmentalagenciesandcompanies.Theincreasing

'roomformanoeuvre'ofChina'scivilsocietymayincreaseinformation

disclosureandtransparency,two-wayriskcommunicationandpublic

participationinfuturelargeinfrastructuredevelopment.

&2015ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

nCorrespondingauthor.Tel.:

þ861082428491.

E-mailaddress:

gzhe@（G.He）.

http:

//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.02.002

2211-4645/&2015ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

38

123

EnvironmentalDevelopment14（2015）37-52

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

EnvironmentalDevelopment

journalhomepage:

Environmentalrisksofhigh-speedrailwayin

China:

Publicparticipation,perceptionandtrust

GuizhenHe

a,n

ArthurP.J.Molb,LeiZhangc,YonglongLua

aStateKeyLaboratoryofUrbanandRegionalEcology,ResearchCentreforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,

ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100085,China

bEnvironmentalPolicyGroup,WageningenUniversity,Hollandseweg1,6706KNWageningen,

TheNetherlands

cSchoolofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,RenminUniversityofChina,Beijing100872,China

articleinfo

Articlehistory:

Received23June2014

Receivedinrevisedform

2February2015

Accepted10February2015

Keywords:

Beijing-Shanghairailway

Riskcommunication

Transparency

Government

abstract

TwodecadesagoChinaenteredanerawithrapidexpansionof

transportinfrastructure.Inanambitiousplanonhigh-speedrailway

development,Chinaplanstohavethelongesthigh-speedrailway

networkby2020.Socialconcernsandanxietywiththeadverse

environmentalandsocialrisksandimpactsofhigh-speedrailwaysare

relatedtothelay-out,theconstructionandthedailyoperationof

high-speedtrains.Whileanecdotalevidenceofconcernsandanxieties

ofChinesecitizensonhigh-speedrailwaysystemsexist,systematic

assessmentofconcerns,anxieties,protestsandsupportofChinese

citizensregardingtheplanning,implementationanddailyoperation

ofhigh-speedrailwaysisabsent.Thisstudyinvestigatedhigh-speed

railwayrelatedpublicviews,riskperceptionsandtrustofChinese

residentslivingalongtheBeijing-Shanghaihigh-speedrailway.The

resultsshowhighpublicacceptanceinhigh-speedrailway,dueto

perceivedlowenvironmentalandsocialriskandhigheconomicand

socialbenefits.Thecurrentclosed,government-dominateddecision-

making,opaqueinformationprovisioning,andlackofcommunication

withandinvolvementofresidentscauselowlevelsoftrustinrailway-

relatedlocalgovernmentalagenciesandcompanies.Theincreasing

'roomformanoeuvre'ofChina'scivilsocietymayincreaseinformation

disclosureandtransparency,two-wayriskcommunicationandpublic

participationinfuturelargeinfrastructuredevelopment.

&2015ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

nCorrespondingauthor.Tel.:

þ861082428491.

E-mailaddress:

gzhe@（G.He）.

http:

//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.02.002

2211-4645/&2015ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

38

G.Heetal./EnvironmentalDevelopment14（2015）37-52

1.Introduction

Theconstructionofhigh-speedrailways（HSRs,with200km/h）hasbecomeanimportantpriority

formanycountries.AdecadeagoChinaenteredanerawithhighinvestmentsinandrapidexpansion

ofHSRtransportinfrastructure.StateplanningforChina'sHSRbeganintheearly1990s.ThefirstHSR

（Qinhuangdao-Shenyang）startedtoconstructin1999andopenedin2003.In2004,theStateCouncil

approvedMediumandLong-TermRailwayNetworkPlan2005-2020andadjusteditin2008.According

tothePlan,thegovernmentwillbuildagridofHSRswithfoureast-westlinesandfournorth-south

lines,alsonamed"fourverticalandfourhorizontalcorridors".TheWenzhoubullettrainaccidenton

23July2011wasthefirstmajorHSRcalamity,killing40andseriouslyinjuring200people.It

spotlightedlong-persistingsafetyfearsamongmanyChineseexperts,whocalledonthegovernment

toslowdownexpansionplans.TheChineseHSRwasdesignedforamaximumspeedof380km/hin

commercialoperation,butoperationalspeedwasreducedto200-300km/haftertheWenzhoutrain

collision.Theaccidentandtheprosecutionforcorruptionoftoprailwayofficialstemporarilyslowed

downtheprogressofthecountry'smassivegovernment-operated,funded,andbuiltrail

infrastructure.However,byearly2012,theChinesegovernmentrenewedinvestmentsinhigh-

speedrailwaytorejuvenatetheslowingeconomy.AsofDecember2013,Chinahastheworld'slongest

HSRnetworkwith11,000kmofrailinservice.BytheendofApril,2014,Chinarailwaysectorraisedits

2014fixedassetinvestmentbudgettoRMB800billion（US$129billion）andincreasedthenumberof

HSRprojectsfrom44to64.Accordingtothe12thFive-YearPlanonRailwayDevelopment2011-2015

enactedinJuly2011bytheMinistryofRailway（MoR）,1Chinaisprojectedtohavenearly40,000kmof

operationalhigh-speedrailwayby2015（Fig.1）.

Beijing-ShanghaiHSR（JinghuHSRinChinese）wasproposedintheearly1990sbytheformerMoR

andbecameoneofthefournorth-southrailwaylinesplannedintheMediumandLong-TermRailway

NetworkPlan2005-2020.In1995,thetrackwasincludedinthe9thFiveYearPlan（1996-2000）.The

MoRsubmittedaninitialhigh-speedraillinedesignforstateapprovalinJune1998（NetResources

International,2011）.Afterfiveyearsofintensivedebatewhethertousesteel-on-steelrailtrackor

maglevtechnology,theconstructionplanwasfinalizedin2004andfeasibilitystudyreportwas

approvedinMarch2006.TheBeijing-ShanghaiHigh-SpeedRailwayCorporationwasestablishedin

2007asaresponsibleagencyforprojectconstruction.Theprovincialandmunicipalgovernments

alongthelinewereresponsibleforthelandacquisition,peoplemovingtonewhouses,andland

clearancewithintheirrespectivejurisdictions.ConstructionoftheBeijing-ShanghaiHSRbeganon

April18,2008andcommercialtrainservicesstartedonJune30,2011.Over200millionpassengers

tooktheBeijing-ShanghaiHSRtillApril,2014.

AccordingtotheMoR,constructionincludedtwiceasmuchconcreteastheThreeGorgesdam,and

120timestheamountofsteelusedintheBeijingNationalStadium.Thereare244bridgesand22

tunnels,andtherouteisconstantlymonitoredby321seismic,167windspeedand50rainfallsensors

（RailwayGazetteInternational,2011）.TotalinvestmentoftheBeijing-ShanghaiHSRwas217.6billion

Yuan（US$32billion）,inlinewithothermegainfrastructureprojectssuchastheThreeGorgesDam

Project,theQinghai-TibetRailway,theSouth-to-NorthWaterDiversionProject,theWest-to-East

NaturalGasTransmissionProjectandtheWest-to-EastPowerTransmissionProject.

Morerecentlyandnotunlikewhathappenedinothercountries,theenvironmentalandhealth

consequencesandimpactsofChina'sHSRhavemovedtotheforeinpublicandpolicydebates.

ResearchersinChinahavereportedontheenvironmental,ecologicalandhealthimpactsofthehigh-

speedrailway,aswellasonitseconomicandsocialbenefits（Chenetal.,2010,2007,2014;Dingetal.,

2010;Jiang,2010;Zhang,2010）.However,thesestudiesmainlyconcernedscientificenvironmental

impactassessmentoftheHSR,butignoredpublicperceptionsandevaluationsofenvironmentaland

healthrisks.LittleisknownoftheseriskperceptionsbythepublicofHSRinfrastructure,andthetrust

ofthepublicingovern