APA正文格式样例.docx

APA正文格式样例.docx

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APA正文格式样例

1.Introduction

Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybecomeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish（Zhang,2020,p.8）.Forexample:

“Asamansows,soheshallreap”canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot”istranslatedas“连成一气”,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart”canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心”.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalcommunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbecomeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglycombinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.

Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalcommunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalcommunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebecomeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalcommunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.

ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.

2.Theculturalbackgroundsinidioms

Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idioms

comefromsociety,cultureandhistory;theyareincludedineverythingandrelatedtosociety’slifeandplayanimportantroleinculture.

Thedefinitionofculture

Cultureisalargeandextremelycomplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture”havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertaincommunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”（Luo,2005,p.27）.

ChinesescholarKe（2000,pp.142-143）statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:

1）Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2）Cultureissharedamongthemembersofacommunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3）Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4）Cultureisintegrated.Eachaspectofcultureistiedinwiththeotheraspects”.

Thedefinitionofidiom

Idiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbecomedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后内容已省略.......

ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphralogyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone（2004,p.873）.

ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsarecomposedofseveralwords（fromtwowordstomanywords）andsomeareevenmadeofacompletesentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions（Yu&Guo,1999,p.170）.括号中两个作者中间加&

Therelationshipbetweenidiomandculture

Languageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.

Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......

间接引用格式如下：

Oneresearcher（Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135）identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.

在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引历时，可间接引用。

如Grayson的原书找不到，可是

Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过，那么能够在括号中标出（原作者，ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski&Degelman），年份，p.页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski&Degelman。

3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms

Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.

Fromlivingsurroundings

Cultureisacomplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.

Geographicalenvironment

Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture（Zhang,1997,p.45）.Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory（Zhang,1999,p.67）.

Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’tleadtheirliveswithoutland.以后内容已省略.........

Climate

Climateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind”comesfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly”and“unpleasant”.

SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind”.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.

Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.

APA格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下：

第一次引用：

Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity（Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995）.

以后的引用，不用每一个姓都写，只第一个就可

Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”（Franklinetal.,1995,p.135）.

Fromreligiousbelief后几段已省略。

本页只为说明论文的结构，故省略了其中很多段落。

Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.

MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后内容已省略.......AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.

:

（1）Astheysow,sotheyreap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.（Galatians6）

PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:

Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.”

（2）Judas’skiss.犹大之吻（Matthew26）

Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedout

forhimonlythirtysilvercoins.

（3）thesaltoftheearth社会中坚（Matthew5）

ThisidiomcomesfromtheBible.以后内容已省略.......

Fromcustom

Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.

AmongEnglishidioms,weoftencomparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog”（你是一个幸运儿）,“everydoghashisday”（凡人皆有得意日）,“loveme,lovemydog”（爱屋及乌）,“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.”（有功者受赏）andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.

Fromvalueorientation

Frompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedincommunication.

Modesty

Britainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialcompetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.

Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.Therefore,theChinesehavemoremodestlanguagethanEnglishinthesocialactivities.

Individualism

Beingguidedandinfluencedbythespiritofcompetition,westernpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualism.IntheeyesofWesterners,individualismmeansapursuitoffreedomanddiversity,therearedifferencesofpeople’sbehavior,speech,thinking,whicharealmostsynonymouswithindividualism.以后内容已省略.......

Thesocialconditionsofwesterndevelopedcountriesleadsmanypeopletoacceptthiskindoffaith,“Everymanforhimselfandgodforusall”（人人为自己，上帝为大伙儿）,“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”（自助者天佑）,“Everym