托福入门阅读Lesson4.docx

托福入门阅读Lesson4.docx

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托福入门阅读Lesson4

LessonFour

PartOne:

托福阅读复习大纲

一、文章及其操作（托福文章十大命题点）

1.文章第一句（特别是当第一句为定义句）

*定义句：

AbeB

AbecalledB

…newmethod…

AwhichbeB

*一般为主题句的概率为72%左右（主要出现于科技，人物传记，地区发展等）

2.列举及并列句

First，…Second…Third…

或A，BandC

本种文章特征针对托福二种题型，Except或Not型及Whichoffollowingis

true？

*关键在于识别平行概念及内容，也不一定为平行结构

3.否定及转折（考率极高的文章内容）

But，Yet，Nevertheless，However等

*规律：

否定关联，后面内容必定

4.特殊写法：

文章中与众不同写法

1）用词特殊（如：

科技文章中色彩词）

2）复，长句（作者改写考率高）

3）距离原则

4）专有人称（第一次引入位置必考）

5）破折号——表示解释与强调

6）括号（□）解释与定义

7）引号/冒号/惊叹号等写作手法

*文章中，特殊写法在每篇文章中出现较少，但极重要

5.每段主题句（这也是归纳主题的关键位置）

出现于每一段第一句

情型：

A）if□，□答案

B）not，正向为主

C）定义句

6.每篇文章最后一句（托福中一般必考）

*规律：

文章最后一题对最后一句

7.最高级及作者强烈肯定

1）最高级词汇：

all，every，each，only

2）连作者自己也觉得明显：

apparent，clearly，evidently，obvious

3）作者认为“重要”：

important，impressive，remarkable

4）作者语气“坚决”：

surely，certainly，inevitable，byallmeans

5）插入语：

thatis，namely

*凡出现该种模式词汇必考

8.因果句及因果关联

1）连词：

because，since，so

2）动词：

cause，originatefrom，derivefrom

3）名词：

consequence，result，basis

*因果句在托福考题中出现的考点是推理题

9.比较级及比喻

1）such…as/like/compare

2）夸张的比较：

agooddeal，more，verymuchalike

10.转换语气句

（主要体现在“不是…而是…“）

Not…but/instead/notsomuch…thanrather/not…infact

PartTwo:

Exercise

5.FactualInformationQuestion

1Accordingtoparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?

2Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?

3Accordingtotheparagraph,Xoccurredbecause

4Accordingtotheparagraph,XdidYbecause

5Accordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?

6Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?

1）细节的出现方式

a.直接支持细节对TS进行深入阐述，进一步展开概念

b.间接支持细节通常用举例的方式对TS进行生动形象的说明。

Ture/False考察对细节的辨别能力

2）细节的考察方式

True/False对细节辨析能力

Given/Notgiven扫读，寻读except

3）

1选项中出现的极端选项可以首先候选:

only,few,little,every,any,all,no,never,none,thebest/most,completely,totally,absolutely

2错误逻辑问题

a.利用原文中已有的信息点引人原文中未出现的信息点

b.虚假比较在原文中有两个信息点建立虚假的逻辑关系:

More/less…than,as…but,compare,contrast

3两种情况

a.极端此和比较前出现否定词

b.原文中确实出现极端和优先词

3干扰项设置原理

a.程度过于极端

b.原文信息+虚假逻辑

c.原文信息但是无关

d.原文信息+外来信息

e.合理但是未提到的内容

正确选项

a.同义改写

b.关键词原文重现

4定位词辨别

定位词可以减少文章的阅读时间，有些段落内容可以会涉及到两个或者两个以上的信息点，而题目只需要对其中一个信息点的内容加以提问

定位词大多是名词或者专有名词

5题型设置

True题型

a.定位关键词15,16,17,19,8,20,22

b.时间，数字，地点11,18

c.相反逻辑（错误选项）7,8

d.无关信息（但是信息正确）7,8

e.限定词，极端，最高级定位3,4,21

Because因果题型

关键词：

11，5

找出因果信息点：

6,7

主旨句：

4,10

上下句：

1,2，3,5,8,9

Why同义改写

定位比较常见

1．Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial"peepshow"formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.Inthepeepshowformat,afilmwasviewedthroughasmallopeninginamachinethatwascreatedforthatpurpose.ThomasEdison'speepshowdevice,theKinetoscope,wasintroducedtothepublicin1894.ItwasdesignedforuseinKinetoscopeparlors,orarcades,whichcontainedonlyafewindividualmachinesandpermittedonlyonecustomertoviewashort,50-footfilmatanyonetime.ThefirstKinetoscopeparlorscontainedfivemachines.Forthepriceof25cents（or5centspermachine）,customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms（or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight）.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingweretrueofviewingfilmsinKinetoscopeparlors

EXCEPT:

Oneindividualatatimeviewedafilm.

Customerscouldviewonefilmafteranother.

Prizefightswerethemostpopularsubjectsforfilms.

Eachfilmwasshort.

musclesofthesefishesandthemechanismthatmaintainsawarmbodytemperaturearealsohighlyefficient.Abluefintunainwaterof7°C（45°F）canmaintainacoretemperatureofover25°C（77°F）.Thiswarmbodytemperaturemayhelpnotonlythemusclestoworkbetter,butalsothebrainandtheeyes.Thebillfisheshavegoneonestepfurther.Theyhaveevolvedspecial"heaters"ofmodifiedmuscletissuethatwarmtheeyesandbrain,maintainingpeakperformanceofthesecriticalorgans.

Accordingtoparagraph9,whichofthefollowingistrueofbluefintunas?

Theireyesandbrainaremoreefficientthanthoseofanyotherfish.

Theirbodytemperaturecanchangegreatlydependingonthewatertemperature.

Theycanswiminwatersthataremuchcolderthantheirownbodies.

Theyhavespecialmuscletissuethatwarmstheireyesandbrain.

3．Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth（about4,500billionyears）.Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:

constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.

Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofchangesinEarth'slandscape?

Theyoccurmoreoftenbyupliftthanbyerosion

Theyoccuronlyatspecialtimes.

Theyoccurlessfrequentlynowthantheyoncedid.

Theyoccurquicklyingeologicalterms.

powerhasasignificantcostadvantageovernuclearpowerandhasbecomecompetitivewithcoal-firedpowerplantsinmanyplaces.Withnewtechnologicaladvancesandmassproduction,projectedcostdeclinesshouldmakewindpoweroneoftheworld’scheapestwaystoproduceelectricity.Inthelongrun,electricityfromlargewindfarmsinremoteareasmightbeusedtomakehydrogengasfromwaterduringperiodswhenthereislessthanpeakdemandforelectricity.Thehydrogengascouldthenbefedintoastoragesystemandusedtogenerateelectricitywhenadditionalorbackuppowerisneeded.

Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutperiodswhenthedemandforelectricityisrelativelylow?

Theseperiodsaretimeswhenwindturbinesarepoweredbyhydrogengas.

Theseperiodsprovidetheopportunitytoproduceandstoreenergyforfutureuse.

Theseperiodscreatestorageproblemsforallformsofpowergeneration.

Theseperiodsoccurasoftenasperiodswhenthedemandforelectricityishigh.

5．Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Presumably,thoseenvironmentaldisasterscouldhavebeenresponsibleforthemassextinction,includingthedeathofthedinosaurs.

Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueoftheimpactattheendoftheCretaceousperiodEXCEPT:

AlargeamountofdustblockedsunlightfromEarth.

Earthbecamecoldanddarkforseveralmonths.

NewelementswereformedinEarth'scrust.

Largequantitiesofnitricacidwereproduced.

6．Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thisisbecausemiddle-andupper-latitudetimberlinesarestronglyinfluencedbythedurationanddepthofthesnowcover.Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.Inthetropics,thevalleysappeartobemorefavorablebecausetheyarelesspronetodryout,theyhavelessfrost,andtheyhavedeepersoils.

Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueoftreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes?

Treegrowthisnegativelyaffectedbythesnowcoverinvalleys.

Treegrowthisgreaterinvalleysthanonridges.

Treegrowthonridgesisnotaffectedbyhigh-velocitywinds.

Treegrowthlastslongerinthoselatitudesthanitdoesinthetropics.

7．Themoststrikingcharacteristicoftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface.Inanareawherelowtemperaturesarelimitingtolife,theimportanceoftheadditionalheatnearthesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformcanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvantageoftheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.

Accordingtoparagraph6,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofplantsinthealpinezoneEXCEPT:

Becausetheyarelow,theyarelessexposedtostrongwinds.

Becausetheyarelow,thewintersnowcovergivesthemmoreprotectionfromtheextremecold.

Intheequatorialmountains,theytendtobelowerthaninmountainselsewhere.

Theirlowgrowthformkeepsthemclosertotheground,wherethereismoreheatthanfurtherup.

8．Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajor