人力资源管理01LegalAspects.docx

人力资源管理01LegalAspects.docx

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人力资源管理01LegalAspects

HUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT

LEGALASPECTSOFHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Dr.DanTrotter

Rev06/30/08

I.Introduction

A.whatwewillfocuson

1.generallegalprinciplesconcerningthelawsagainstemploymentdiscrimination

2.SpecificUnitedStateslawsagainstemploymentdiscrimination

a.differentcategories

i.race

ii.sex

iii.age

iv.disabilities

v.homosexuality

3.AffirmativeAction

a.specialrightsgiventospeciallyfavoredgroups

II.GeneralLegalPrinciplesConcerningEmploymentDiscrimination

A.Objectivesofthelaws

1.EqualOPPORTUNITY,notequalOUTCOMES

a.thelawdoesnotguaranteethateveryonewillmakethesameamountofmoney

B.Twotypesofillegaldiscrimination

1.Unequaltreatment

a.alsocalled“disparatetreatment”

b.thistypeofdiscriminationisintentional

c.examples

i.openexpressionofhatred,disrespect,inequality

ii.onegrouptreateddifferentlythananothergroup

（1）standards

（a）example

i）Beijingstudentsmustmakea90topass,allothersneeda70topass

（2）procedures

（a）Beijingstudentsonlyhaveonehourtotakeexams,allothershavetwohours

（3）facilities

（a）Beijingstudentscan’tusethefootballfield,allotherscan

（4）miscellaneousexamples

（a）"mustbeunder40"

（b）"women'sbasketballcoach-womenonly"

（c）nogirl'sfootballatcollege

（d）race-normingtests

i）scoresofblackapplicantsinflated

A/sothatmorecouldbehiredoracceptedinschool

2.AdverseImpact

a.neutralstandards

i.companyhasnotintenttodiscriminate

ii.however,onegroupaffecteddifferently

b.examples

（1）"Mustbe5'8"foraccountingjobs"

（a）discriminatesvs.Asians&women

c.continuationofthepasteffectsofdiscrimination

（i）anystandard,procedure,orfacilitythatperpetuatesdisadvantagesarisingfrompastdiscrimination

（a）example

i）wordofmouthrecruitmentinacompanywhereallwhiteemployeesduetopastdiscrimination

d.adverseimpactmaypossiblybelegal

（1）ifstandardsarejob-related

（a）example

（1）mustbeabletoclimbtelephonepolesin15seconds

A/if90%ofhireesaremen,thisisneverthelesslegal

（2）problemexamples

（1）pushupstandardsinmilitaryacademicdiscriminateversuswomen?

（2）whitesinNBAdiscriminatedagainst

C.EmploymentCaseLaw:

SomeGeneralPrinciples

1.InGeneral

a.necessarytoshowaprimafaciecase

（1）ifshowingdiscriminationis"unequaltreatment"（intentional）

（a）4-partMcDonnell-Douglasv.Greentest

i）plaintiffinaprotectedclass

ii）appliedforandqualifiedforjob

iii）rejected

iv）jobstayedopen,employerkeptseekingapplications

（2）ifshowing"adverseimpact"（unintentional）discrimination

（a）selectiongrouplessthan20%ofmajoritygroup

2.Seniority

a.problem

i.senoritysystemsareallowedtodiscriminate

A/howthismighthappen

1/olderworkerstendtobewhitemale

a/so,ifpromotions,layoffs,etc.,doneonbasisofseniority

i/whitemaleswillbe“favored

ii/“Last-in-first-out”systemwillmeanethnicminoritiesandwomenwillbefirst-fired

B/senioritysystemmaydiscriminateonlyifdiscriminationnotdoneintentionally

3.Testing

a.OK,butmustberelatedtojob

（1）can'tgiveanIQtest

4.requiringahigh-schooldiploma

a.can’trequire

i.unlessrelatedtojob

5.Interviewing

a.can'taskquestionsthatarefairinformbutdiscriminatoryinoperation

（1）"what'syourmaidenname?

"

（2）"everbeenarrested?

"

（3）"doyourchurchactivitieskeepyoufromworkingweekends?

"

b.employerbearsburdenofproofthatrequirementisjob-related

c.intenttodiscriminateisirrelevant

（1）resultisonlythingthatmatters

III.SpecificUnitedStateslawsagainstemploymentdiscrimination

A.differentcategories

1.racediscrimination

a.UnitedStateslaw

i.legalstatutues

A/TitleVIIofCivilRightsActof1964

a.mostimptlaw

（1）broadestcoverage

（2）broadestremedies

b.sixexceptionstoTitleVII

（1）Bonafideoccupationalqualifications（BFOQs）

（a）whennecessaryforoperationofbusiness

（b）courtsconstrueverynarrowly

i）examples

a）spermdonor

b）wetnurse

c）clothesstore,helpertohelpladiesundress

（2）senioritysystems

（a）OKiftheydiscriminateinfavorofwhitemales

i）aslongasnointent

（3）preemploymentinquiries

（a）OKtoaskrace,sexquestions

i）ifjob-related

a）ifnotjob-related

1/OKtofulfullreportingrequirements

a/ifvoluntary

（4）testing

（a）OKifdoesn'tdiscriminate

（5）veteranspreference

（a）OKtodiscriminateifnointenttodiscriminateagainstanybodyelse

（6）nationalsecurity

（a）OKtodiscriminatevs.Communistparty

B/CivilRightsActof1991

a.race-normingillegal

b.USSenateandPresident（finally!

）subjecttonondiscriminationlaws

ii.caselaw

A/Griggscase（1971,U.S.SupremeCourt）

1/testmustbejob-related

a/eventhotherewasequalityofopportunitytotakethetest

b/evenifadministeredequallytoallapplicants

2/examplesofteststhatareNOTjob-related

a/high-schooldiplomasareNOTautomaticallyjob-related

b/IQtestNOTjobrelated

i/atleasthardtoproveso

3/practicalproblemforcompany

a/oftencostsasmallfortunetovalidatetests

i/toshowthattheyarejob-related

B/Bakkecase（1978）

1/Facts

a/UniversityofCaliforniaatDavismedschoolsetaside16of100placesforminorities

i/sowhitescdcompeteonlyfor84places,minoritiesforall100

2/court’sdecision

a/quotasystemwasviolationofequalprotectionforwhites

b/affirmativeactionOK,if

a/norigidquotasystem

i/racecanbeaissueconsidered

A）butitcan’tbetheonlyissue

2.sexdiscrimination

a.sexdiscriminationingeneral

i.referstodiscriminationinhiringorpromotionpractices

ii.UnitedStateslaw

A/legalstatutues

1/EqualPayActof1963

a.menandwomentobepaidequally

i/conditions

A）workingforsameestablishment

B）worksubstantiallyequal

B/caselaw

1/[**nameofthecase?

]

a/facts

i/women’sandmen’sbasketballcoachesatStanfordUniversity

A/mens’coach（amale）made$110,000

1/averageresults

2/abilitytoraisegreatamountsofmoneyfortheuniversity

B/woman’scoach（afemale）made$94,000

1/threenationalchampionships

2/notmuchabilitytoraisefunds

b/held

i/Stanforddiscriminatedonthebasisofgender

c/discuss:

wasStanford’sdiscriminationreasonable

b.pregnancydiscrimination

i.UnitedStateslaw

A/legalstatutes

1/PregnancyDiscriminationActof1978

a/protectspregnantwomenfromemploymentdiscrimination

i/examplesofthingspregnantwomencan’tgetlessof

A/vacationtime

B/sickleave

C/healthinsurance

b/pregnantwomenmustbeallowedtoworkduringtheirpregnancy

i/allthewayuptothepointwherethepregnancyinterferesw/jobperformance

2/FamilyMedicalLeaveActof1993

a.workershaveupto12weeksleavetotakecareof…

i.child

A）birth,adopted,fostercare

1）wi/ayearafterchild’sarrival

ii.seriouslyillparent,spouse,child,orself

b.leaveisUNPAID

c.top10%SALARIEDworkersareexempt

d.healthinsurancemaintained

e.jobheldopenforleavetakers

f.doesn’tapplytocompaniesw/employees<50

i.95%ofallbusinesses

B/caselaw

1/InternationalUnion,UAWv.JohnsonControls,Inc.（1991,U.S.SupremeCourt）

a/fetalprotectionpolicyisdiscriminatory

i/womencan'tbekeptoutofjobsdangeroustobaby

A）companyargueddiscriminationagainstwomenaBFOQ

1）note:

ifbabydeformed,corpgoingtogetsuedagain!

b.sexualharassment

i.UnitedStateslaw

a.legalstatute

i.1964CivilRightslaw

A）prohibiteddiscriminationbasedonsexaswellasrace

b.caselaw

i.generalprinciples

A/whomaytakeadvantageofthelawsagainstsexualharassment

1/women

2/men

3/homosexuals

B/twomaintypes

（a）quidproquo（yougivemethis,I'llgiveyouthat）

i）harassmentisaconditionofemployment

ii）employerisliableevenifemployerknewnothingaboutharassment

b）ex-supervisorharasses,bossdoesn'tknow

（b）hostileworkenvironment

i）graphiccommentariesonvictim'sbody

ii）dirtypicturesonwall

iii）sexuallydegradingwords

iv）propositions

C/atwhichleveldoestheactivitybecomeactionable?

1/offensivetoareasonableperson?

a/somestates:

“areasonablewoman”

b/problem

i/ithurtstheexpressionofnon-sexualaffectionbetweenthesexes

A/examples

1/“Yourhairlooksnicetoday”

2/lightpatontheshoulder

ii.specificcases

A/Faragherv.CityofBocaRaton（1998,U.S.SupremeCourt）andBurlingtonIndustriesv.Ellerth（1998,U.S.SupremeCourt）

1/establishedtherequirementsforacompany’sdefense

a/notangibleinjurytotheplaintiff

i/butnote:

emotionaldistressisaninjurytotheplaintiff

b/employerexercisedreasonablecaretopreventandcorrectharassment

i/whatcompaniesdonowtoshow“reasonablecare”

A/postandprohibitspecificdefinitionsofsexualharrassment

B/prohibitretaliationagainstwomenwhocomplainofsexualharassment

C/mu