Chapter 5 Virginia and Maryland.docx

Chapter 5 Virginia and Maryland.docx

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Chapter5VirginiaandMaryland

CHAPTER5

VIRGINIAANDMARYLAND

NewconditionsoflivinginEngland.

TheVirginiaCompany.

31.TheVirginiaCompany,1606.--Englishpeoplewerenowbeginningtothinkinearnestoffoundingcolonies.Itwasgettingharderandhardertoearnone'slivinginEngland,anditwasverydifficulttoinvestone'smoneyinanyusefulway.Itfollowed,fromthis,thatthereweremanymenwhoweregladtobecomecolonists,andmanypersonswhoweregladtoprovidemoneytopayforfoundingcolonies.In1606theVirginiaCompanywasformedandcolonizationbeganonalargescale.

TheVirginiacolonistsatJamestown, 1607.Higginson,52,110-117; Eggleston,19-28;Explorers 231-269.

Sicknessanddeath.

32.FoundingofJamestown,1607. ThefirstcolonistssailedforVirginiainDecember,1606.Theyweremonthsonthewayandsufferedterriblehardships.AtlasttheyreachedChesapeakeBayandJamesRiverandsettledonapeninsulaontheJames,aboutthirtymilesfromitsmouth.Acrossthelittleisthmuswhichconnectedthispeninsulawiththemainlandtheybuiltastrongfence,orstockade,tokeeptheIndiansawayfromtheirhuts.TheirsettlementtheynamedJamestown.TheearlycolonistsofVirginiawerenotverywellfittedforsuchawork.Someofthemweregentlemenwhohadneverlaboredwiththeirhands;otherswerepoor,idlefellowswhoseonlywishwastodonothingwhatever.TherewereafewenergeticmenamongthemasRatcliffe,Archer,andSmith.Butthesespentmostoftheirtimeinexploringthebayandtherivers,inhuntingforgold,andinquarrelingwithoneanother.Withthesummercamefevers,andsoonfiftyoftheonehundredandfiveoriginalcolonistsweredead.Thenfollowedacold,hardwinter,andmanyofthosewhohadnotdiedoffeverinthesummer,nowdiedofcold.Thecolonistsbroughtlittlefoodwiththem,theyweretoolazytoplantmuchcorn,andtheywereabletogetonlysmallsuppliesfromtheIndians.Indeed,theearlyhistoryofVirginiaisgivenmainlytoaccountsof"starvingtimes."Ofthefirstthousandcolonistsnotonehundredlivedtotellthetaleofthoseearlydays.

SirThomasDale.

Hiswiseaction.

33.SirThomasDaleandGoodOrder.--In1611SirThomasDalecameoutasruler,andheruledwithanironhand.Ifamanrefusedtowork,Dalemadeaslaveofhimforthreeyears;ifhedidnotworkhardenough,Dalehadhimsoundlywhipped.ButSirThomasDalewasnotonlyasevereman;hewasalsoawiseman.Hithertoeverythinghadbeenincommon.Dalenowtriedtheexperimentofgivingthreeacresoflandtoeveryoneoftheoldplanters,andhealsoallowedthemtimetoworkontheirownland.

Tobacco.

Prosperity.

34.Tobacco-growingandProsperity.--Europeanpeoplewerenowbeginningtousetobacco.MostofitcamefromtheSpanishcolonies.TobaccogrewwildinVirginia.Butthecolonistsatfirstdidnotknowhowtodryitandmakeitfitforsmoking.Afterafewyearstheyfoundouthowtoprepareit.Theynowworkedwithgreateagernessandplantedtobaccooneveryspotofclearedland.MenwithmoneycameoverfromEngland.Theybroughtmanyworkingmenwiththemandplantedlargepiecesofground.Soontobaccobecamethemoneyofthecolony,andthewholelifeofVirginiaturnedonitscultivation.Butitwasdifficulttofindenoughlaborerstodothenecessarywork.

Whiteservants.

Criminals.

Negroslaves,1619.

35.ServantsandSlaves.--Mostofthelaborerswerewhitemenandwomenwhowereboundtoservicefortermsofyears.Thesewerecalledservants.SomeofthemwerepoorpersonswhosoldtheirlabortopayfortheirpassagetoVirginia.Otherswereunfortunatemenandwomenandevenchildrenwhowerestolenfromtheirfamiliesandsoldtothecolonists.StillotherswerecriminalswhomKingJamessentovertothecolonybecausethatwasthecheapestthingtodowiththem.In1619thefirstnegroslaveswerebroughttoVirginiabyaDutchvessel.TheVirginiansboughtthemall--onlytwentyinnumber.Buttheplanterspreferredwhitelaborers.Itwasnotuntilmorethattwenty-fiveyearshadpassedawaythattheslavesreallybecamenumerousenoughtomakemuchdifferenceinthelifeofthecolony.

SirEdwinSandys.

ThefirstAmericanlegislature, 1619.

36.ThefirstAmericanLegislature,1619.--ThemenwhofirstformedtheVirginiaCompanyhadlongsincelostinterestinit.Othermenhadtakentheirplaces.TheselatterweremostlyPuritans（p.29）orwerethefriendsandworkerswiththePuritans.ThebestknownofthemwasSirEdwinSandys,theplaymateofWilliamBrewster--oneofthePilgrimFathers（p.29）.SandysandhisfriendssentSirGeorgeYeardleytoVirginiaasgovernor.Theyorderedhimtosummonanassemblytobemadeupofrepresentativeschosenbythefreemenofthecolony.TheserepresentativessoondidawaywithDale'sferociousregulations,andmadeotherandmuchmilderlaws.

EndoftheVirginiaCompany, 1624.

Virginiaaroyalprovince.

37.VirginiabecomesaRoyalProvince,1624.--TheVirginiansthoughtthiswasaverygoodwaytobegoverned.ButKingJamesthoughtthatthenewrulersoftheVirginiaCompanyweremuchtooliberal,andhedeterminedtodestroythecompany.Thejudgesinthosedaysdarednotdispleasethekingforhecouldturnthemoutofofficeatanytime.SowhenhetoldthemtodestroytheVirginiachartertheytooktheveryfirstopportunitytodeclareittobeofnoforce.InthiswaytheVirginiaCompanycametoanend,andVirginiabecamearoyalprovincewithagovernorappointedbytheking.

IntoleranceinVirginia.

PersecutionofthePuritans.

38.ReligiousIntolerance.--In1625KingJamesdied,andhissonCharlesbecameking.HelefttheVirginianstothemselvesforthemostpart.Theylikedthis.ButtheydidnotlikehisgivingthenorthernpartofVirginiatoaRomanCatholicfavorite,LordBaltimore,withthenameofMaryland.ManyRomanCatholicssoonsettledinLordBaltimore'scolony.TheVirginiansfearedlesttheymightcometoVirginiaandmadeseverelawsagainstthem.PuritanmissionariesalsocamefromNewEnglandandbegantoconverttheVirginianstoPuritanism.GovernorBerkeleyandtheleadingVirginianswereEpiscopalians.TheydidnotlikethePuritansanybetterthantheylikedtheRomanCatholics.TheymadeharshlawsagainstthemanddrovethemoutofVirginiaintoMaryland.

MarylandgiventoBaltimore, 1632.

SettlementofMaryland. Higginson,121-123;Eggleston,50-53; Source-book,48-51.

39.SettlementofMaryland.--MarylandincludedthemostvaluableportionofVirginianorthofthePotomac.Besidebeingtheownerofallthisland,LordBaltimorewasalsotherulerofthecolony.HeinvitedpeopletogooverandsettleinMarylandandofferedtogivethemlargetractsoflandonthepaymentofasmallsumeveryyearforever.Eachman'spaymentwassmall.Butallthepaymentstakentogether,madequitealargeamountwhichwentongrowinglargerandlargerasMarylandwassettled.TheBaltimoreswerebroad-mindedmen.TheygavetheircolonistsalargeshareinthegovernmentofthecolonyanddidwhattheycouldtobringaboutreligioustolerationinMaryland.

RomanCatholicsinEngland.

RomanCatholicsandPuritansinMaryland.

TheTolerationAct, 1649.

40.TheMarylandTolerationAct,1649.--TheEnglishRomanCatholicswerecruellyoppressed.NopriestofthatfaithwasallowedtoliveinEngland.AndRomanCatholicswhowerenotpriestshadtopayheavyfinessimplybecausetheywereRomanCatholics.LordBaltimorehopedthathisfellowCatholicsmightfindaplaceofshelterinMaryland,andmanyoftheleadingcolonistswereRomanCatholics.ButmostofthelaborerswereProtestants.SooncamethePuritansfromVirginia.Theywerekindlyreceivedandgivenland.ButitwasevidentthatitwouldbedifficultforRomanCatholics,Episcopalians,andPuritanstolivetogetherwithoutsomekindoflawtogoby.SoalawwasmadethatanyChristianmightworshipashesawfit.ThiswasthefirsttolerationactinthehistoryofAmerica.Itwasthefirsttolerationactinthehistoryofmoderntimes.ButthePuritan,RogerWilliams,hadalreadyestablishedreligiousfreedominRhodeIsland（p.33）.

Tobaccoandgrain.

Commerce.

Servantsandslaves.

41.MarylandIndustries.--TobaccowasthemostimportantcropinearlyMaryland.Butgrainwasraisedinmanypartsofthecolony.Intimealsotheregrewupalargetradingtown.ThiswasBaltimore.Itsshipownersandmerchantsbecamerichandnumerous,whiletherewerealmostnoshipownersormerchantsinVirginia.TherewerealsofewerslavesinMarylandthaninVirginia.Nearlyallthehardlaborintheformercolonywasdonebywhiteservants.Inmostotherways,however,VirginiaandMarylandwerenearlyalike.