South Pacific南太平洋环境现状与治理措施 英文论文.docx

South Pacific南太平洋环境现状与治理措施 英文论文.docx

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SouthPacific南太平洋环境现状与治理措施英文论文

题目（中）南太平洋物种与生态环境以及

危机应对措施分析

　　　　（英）SouthPacific:

AnAnalysisoftheEcosystem

AndMeasurestotheEco-crisis

姓名与学号平帆3120100152

指导教师曹龙

年级与专业2012级应用生物大类

所在学院求是学院

SouthPacific:

AnAnalysisoftheEcosystemand

MeasurestotheEco-crisis

PINGFan

（ZhejiangUniversity,CollegeofEnvironmentalandResourceSciences,Hangzhou）

Abstract:

TheSouthPacificislocatedinthesouthernhemisphere,whichhasmorethantwothousandislandsandone-quarteroftheseaontheearth.Islandanimal’sorigin,breeding,andmigration,isaccompaniedbytheestablishmentandimprovementofmarineecosystems.TheSouthPacificownsanabundantdiversityofspeciesanddevelopedmarineindustry.Itprovidesavaluableresourceforhumanbeings.Butnow,overfishing,greenhouseeffectandallkindsofcrisishappenedinthesouthPacific.Human-beingswillcomeupwithaseriesofmeasurestoturnitaround,makingthesustainabledevelopmentworksinthesouthPacific.

Keywords:

SouthPacific;MarineCommunity;GreenhouseEffect

1.Introduction

TheSouthPacific,thisbroadoceanstillremainslittleknownafterCaptainCook’sepicvoyagesin1768.TheturquoiseseasandislandslooklikeheavenonEarth.Inthevastwater,isolatedislandsharborlifethat’sscarcelyseenontheland.Nevertheless,theSouthPacificalsohasatoughsidelikeeruptingvolcanicislands,tremendousstorms,andetc.Thankstothosedestructiveforcesovertheocean,lifeisabletospreadtotheremoteislandsandthousandsofecosystemsarebuiltuptosucceed.

Comparedtolandsandoffshores,theSouthPacificseemstobehealthierocean.Duetolittleornoprotection,however,thisnaturaltreasurestoreisputintothehardestpositionbecauseofthegreenhouseeffect,overfishing,climatechanges,leadingtothecrisisofmarineecosystemconsequently.FortheSouthPacific,21stcenturycanbeitscriticaltimeunlessthehumanbeingstakeactiontomitigatetheseseriesofproblems.Accordingly,peopleshouldtakemultipleandeffectivemeasurestopreservetheSouthPacific.

2.OverviewoftheSouthPacific

2.1Geography

TheSouthPacificisinthesouthofthePacificOcean,mostlylocatingatthelatitudearound60degreessouth.ThetotalareaoftheSouthPacificisabout7100km2andwaterstorageaccountsfor25%ofthetotal.ApartfromAustraliaandNewZealand,thereare27countriesandareasintheSouthPacific,includingPapuaNewGuinea,Fiji,andTonga.Thecountriesandareasconsistof2,000islands,only1%（550,000km2）oftheSouthPacificarea.Thepopulationhasreachedupto7,500,000[1].（Data,2010）

2.2Geology

LyinginthesouthCircum-Pacificseismicbelt[2],theSouthPacificisteemedwithallsortsofvolcanicislands,suchasHawaiiArchipelago,SolomonIslands,generatedbysubmarinevolcanicactivities.

HawaiiArchipelagowascreatedbyagreatmantleplumeundertheseabedofthePacificplate[3].ThisvolcanicchainstartseastfromHawaiiIslandandendsupnorthintheMeijiseamounts[4],anditstillremainsthemostactivegeologicareasontheearth.

Figure1ModeldiagramoftheHawaiianmantleplume.Primaryandsecondaryrocktypesarecolourcodedasfollows:

red,eclogiterepresentingrecycledoceaniccrust;blue,peridotite;yellow,reaction（secondary）pyroxeniteproducedbyinfiltrationofeclogite-derivedmeltintoperidotite;whiteandred,eclogiticrestite;blackdots,melts;violet,magmapathways,conduitsandsmallmagmachambers.Recycledmaterialisconcentratedintheplumecentre.Theseismiclow-velocityzoneobservedpreviouslyinthedepthrange170–130kmcorrespondstosignificantmeltingofeclogite.Thismeltdisappearsatlowerpressuresbecauseitseparatesfromeclogiteandisconsumedbyreactionwithperidotitetoproducesecondarypyroxenite.Mixingofmeltsprobablytakesplaceatshallowcrustallevelsinsmallmagmabodiesratherthaninthemantleorinlargestablemagmachambers[4].

60milesundertheseabed,lavaispushedbytheextremelyhighpressurefromthecoreofearthtothesurface.Themovingspeedoflavaisusuallynolessthan100m/h[5].Thoughthecoveriscooleddownbytheseawater,moltenlavacaneruptoutoftheseawhenthepressureishighenough,finallyformingthenewlands.

Inthemeanwhile,theancientvolcanoeskeeperuptingabovethesealevel.Whentheongoinglavaspreadstoedgesoftheisland,thedeep,freezingoceancurrentsareconfrontedwiththeboilinglava（1,000-1,300℃）andthenlavarapidlycoolsdownwiththereleasingvaporandbursting.Inthepast25years,Hawaii’slavahasforgedalmost2,500km2ofnewland[6].Verysoon,thisrigidlandwillpossessitsownterrenelifegarden.

2.3Climate

MostoftheSouthPacificbelongstowarmwater.Theaveragetemperatureofthesurfaceisbetween28-29℃[7].Theoccasionalcoldcurrents,derivingfromthepolararea,maketheseawateraroundNewZealandthecolderone.Thesubtropicalhighandcoldhighpressurecontroldifferentwatersofthedifferentareas,sothemostpowerfulanddestructivewaves,tornadoesandstormsappearintheSouthPacific.

At40degreelatitude,theRoaringFortiesblastthecoastline.Yetitisthefoulweatherthatproducetheabundanceoflife[8].Thewavessparkedbystormsrun3,000miles,unlockingthedeep’sreserveofnutrientsandsendingthemtothesurfacebywashingouttheislands,whichprovidesapossibilityoffoodandlife.Cyclones,formingintheoceanandreachingthediameterof600miles,areabletorecreatetheislands[9].Remarkably,allkindsoftheplantsandanimalsarecarriedtoisolateislandsfromthousandsmilesaway.EachSouthPacificislandhasitsownuniquesetofcreaturesowingtotheevilpowerofclimate.

3.SpeciesProfileintheSouthPacific

ThediversityofcreaturesintheSouthPacificareinfluencedbyuniquegeographyandclimateconditions.Listsofexampleshelpexplainthespeciesandecologysituation.

3.1TheOriginandEvolutionoftheSpeciesonIslands

TherearethousandsofislandsintheSouthPacific,manyofwhichareunbelievablyremote.Eventhecloserneighborscanbehundredsofmilesaway.Theoceanisagiantmoatstretchingtothehorizonineverydirection,cuttingoffthecommunicationofspeciesbetweenislands.Surprisingly,nomatterhowfarorsmallanislandis,animalsandplantshaveconqueredthemassiveoceanbarriertoreachthesespecksofland.ManyofspeciescamefromNewGuineaandthenspreadtothewholearea.Astheconquerors,theyareprovidedwithgreatopportunitiestodevelopalltypesofecosystem.

OnthelittleislandinVanuatulivesthelargestterrestrialinvertebrateonEarth:

RobberCrab.Thebiggestonecanweighupto4kgandhavealegspanof1m[10].Robbercrabsareprobablythefewanimalsintheworldabletobreakintoacoconutfortherewardofamealrichinprotein[10].ThatiswhytheyarealsocalledCoconutCrabs.Withsofewcreaturesmakingittotheremoteislands,thegiantcrustaceansseemtohavefilledanichenormallytakenbymedium-sizedmammals.Maybethatiswhyrobbercrabshavegrownsobig.HowdidthesecrabsgettosomanyoftheSouthPacific’smostisolatedislands?

Thefemalecrabscarriesthethousandsofeggs,alsotheanswer.Millionsofeggswillbelaidintotheseabythefemalecrabs[11].Theeggswillhatchinthewaterimmediately.Thus,thelarvaehavetofindanewlandin50days.

Formostofanimalcastawayslikerobbercrabs,findingnewlandthroughwaterwayinthisvastoceansisachanceinamillion.Butifthetotalpopulationisincrediblylarge,theystillgettheverychancetobecomeColumbiatotheNewWorld.

Occasionally,theblowinginthewindreplacesthecurrenttobethefree-rider.Thermalupdraftscancarrythespores30,000feetintothejetstream,thenthrowingthemontotheremoteislands.Largeinsectsorevenallthecreaturescanbesuckedupintotheskybycycloneswiththespeedinexcessof100mph.Whenthestormsubsides,87%ofspecieswilldropintotheoceanbutaveryfewwilllandonthegroundandfromthesesurvivors,thesuccessionofthenewcommunitywillgoon.Forinstance,theancestorsofHawaii’sfruitfliesarecarriedandthenabandonedonHawaii,for30millionyears,onthebackofcyclones.Theyattractfemaleswithelaboratecourtshiprituals[12],whichdiffersfromtheotherspeciesoffruitflies.Sincethatfirstsettler,theyhaveevolvedintonearly1,000species.MostoftheHawaiifruitfliesdeveloptheabilitytoundergothe10thseawindandrains.

Flyingalsoplaysapivotalroleinreachingnewislands.Sootyterns,oneofthemostsuccessfultravelers,canstayintheairfor4years[13]withoutlanding.Buttobreed,theymustreturntonestingsitesonremoteislands,introducingnewlifeconveniently.Stickyorbarbedseedsfastenontheirfeathersandhitchridesacrossoceans.Onsomeislands,75%ofplantarrivedwiththebirds,eveninthestomachsofwhich.Plus,theseafoodthosebirdsbringbacktotheislandsisturnedintonutrient,richguano[14],plantfertilizer.Combiningtwofactors,therigidislandsarelikelytotransformintotheparadiseofthecreatures.

Tosumup,quitealotoftheplantsandanimalsontheislandsoftheSouthPacificwerefromtheoutside,afterselectedbyoceancurrentsandstorms.Whensettleddown,theyadaptedtotheharshenvironmentandevolvedintonewspecies.Furthermore,someofthenewspeciescanreformtheoriginallandscapeandenvironmentalconditions.Then,afterpassivemigrationstotheotherremoteislands,theyrealizethecommunicationbetweentheSouthPacific’sislands,inthecasethatpromotesthediversityandabundanceofthespecies.It