四川农业大学博士入学考试真题.docx

四川农业大学博士入学考试真题.docx

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四川农业大学博士入学考试真题

PartIReadingComprehension（45points）

Questions1--5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Eyecontactisanonverbaltechniquethathelpsthespeaker"sell"hisorherideastoanaudience.Besidesitspersuasivepowers,eyecontacthelpsholdlistenerinterest.

Asuccessfulspeakermustmaintaineyecontactwithanaudience.Tohavegoodrapport（关系）withlisteners,aspeakershouldmaintaindirecteyecontactforatleast75percentofthetime.Somespeakersfocusexclusivelyontheirnotes.Othersgazeovertheheadsoftheirlisteners.Botharelikelytoloseaudienceinterestandesteem.Peoplewhomaintaineyecontactwhilespeaking,whetherfromapodium（演讲台）orfromacrossthetable,are"regardednotonlyasexceptionallywell-disposedbytheirtargetbutalsoasmorebelievableandearnest."

Toshowthepotencyofeyecontactindailylife,wehaveonlytoconsiderhowpassers-bybehavewhentheirglanceshappentomeetonthestreet.Atoneextremearethosepeoplewhofeelobligedtosmilewhentheymakeeyecontact.Attheotherextremearethosewhofeelawkwardandimmediatelylookaway.Tomakeeyecontact,itseems,istomakeacertainlinkwithsomeone.

Eyecontactwithanaudiencealsoletsaspeakerknowandmonitorthelisteners.Itis,infact,essentialforanalyzinganaudienceduringaspeech.Visualcues（暗示）fromaudiencememberscanindicatethataspeechisdragging,thatthespeakerisdwellingonaparticularpointfortoolong,orthataparticularpointrequiresfurtherexplanation.Aswehavepointedout,visualfeedbackfromlistenersshouldplayanimportantroleinshapingaspeechasitisdelivered.

1.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith_______.

a.theimportanceofeyecontact

b.thepotencyofnonverbaltechniques

c.successfulspeechdelivery

d.aneffectivewaytogainvisualfeedbacks

2.Accordingtothepassage,agoodspeakermust_____.

a."sealo"hisorherideastoanaudience

b.maintaindirecteyecontactwithlisteners

c.beverypersuasiveandbelievable

d.beexceptionallywell-disposed

3.Theword"target"inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphcanbestbereplacedby________.

a."destination"b."goal"

c."audience"d."followers"

4.Indailylife,whentheglancesoftwopassers-byhappentomeet,thesetwopersonswillinevitably____.

a.smiletoeachother

b.feelawkwardandlookawayimmediately

c.trytomakeaconversationwitheachother

d.noneoftheabove

5.Eyecontactwithanaudience,accordingtotheauthor,hasallthefollowingbenefitsforthespeakerEXCEPthatitdoesn't________.

a.helpthespeakertocontroltheaudience

b.helpthespeakertogainaudienceinterestandesteem

c.helpthespeakertoknowwhetherheistalkingtoomuchaboutacertainpoint

d.helpthespeakertoanalyzehisaudiencewhenheisbeginninghisspeech

Questions6--10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Aftertheveryactiveandsuccessfultenure（任职）ofofficebytheSenegalesePresidentastheheadoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnity,itwashighlylogicaltothinkthatthesuccessor,whoeverhemightbe,wouldhaveadifficulttaskindoingabetterjob.

TheCongolesepresidentsettoworkassoonashewaselected.HisfirststepwastosuggesttothedeanofheadsofStatepresentintheEthiopiancapital,PresidentKennethKaundaofZambia,tosummonameetingoftheleadersofcountriesthatlieclosetoSouthAfrica.Itsaim:

todefineastrategyinordertoovercomethereprisals（报复行为）thattheracistregimeofPretoriaislikelytotakeagainstitsneighborsincasesanctions（制裁）areimposedbytheinternationalcommunity.

PresidentSassouNguesohasalreadyundertakenanumberoftripsabroad.HethuswenttoHarare（Zimbabwe）wherehedeliveredaspeech,onSeptember1,onbehalfofAfricabeforethesummitmeetingofnon-aligned（不结盟的）nations.

AttheendofSeptember,hewasinNewYork,forastatementbeforetheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations,andtheninWashington,fortalkswithhigh-rankingmembersoftheReaganAdministration.HethenwenttoOttawa,forconsultationswithleadingmembersoftheCanadiangovernment.

TheCongolesepresident'saim,inalltheseendeavors,istoconvincestillreluctantcountriesoftheimperiousnecessityofimposingsanctionsagainsttheracistregimeofPretoria.

6.Inthefirstparagraph,theword"successor"refersto________.

a.apersonwhoenjoyedasuccessfulcareerinpolitics

b.apersonwhowasverypopularinthepoliticalarena

c.thepersonwhowastoleadtheorganization

d.theformerheadoftheorganization

7.Accordingtothepassage,DenisSassouNguesso______.

a.isCongolese

b.knewthatitwasverydifficultforhimtobeelected

c.waselectedwithoutanyopposition

d.hasheldameetingintheEthipioncapital

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

a.PresidentSassouNguesshasdecidedtovisitasmanyAfricancountriesaspossible.

b.PresidentSassouNguessomadeasuggestiontoPresidentKennethKaundathatameetingbeheldoftheleadersofcountriesthatlieclosetoSouthAfrica.

c.PresidentSassouNguessowenttoHarareanddeliveredaspeechthere.

d.IfsanctionsareimposedagainstSouthAfricabytheinternationalcommunity,theracistregimeofPretoriawillprobablytakerevengeonitsneighbors.

9.WemaydrawtheconclusionthatPresidentSassouNguessohasbeenworkingreallyhardto________.

a.provehimselfatrustworthypresident

b.convincesomereluctantcountriesthatitishighlynecessarytoimposesanctionsagainsttheracistregimeofPretoria.

c.showtothewholeworldthestrengthandpoweroftheOrganizationofAfricanUnity

d.seekfinancialsupportfromsomeadvancedcountriestopromoteAfricaneconomy.

10.Thispieceismostprobablytakenfrom_____.

a.anewspaperreportb.abiography

c.ahistorybookd.aWho'sWho

Questions11--15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer,whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth.Weareequallyinterestedineffects:

whatistheeffectofsculptureorleadintheatmosphere,ofoilspillsandrawsewageinriversandthesea,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination?

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon'twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect（lightsout）tothecause（poweroff）andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect（refrigeratornotworking）.Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,forshort,effecttoeffectItisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingcausalchain:

lightsout-poweroff-refrigeratornotworking─temperaturewillrise─milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficient,orcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonewhichcanproduceaneffectunaided,thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause:

adeadbatteryisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting,butfaultysparkplugsoranemptygastankwillhavethesameeffect.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,

asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactors─pedestriansorothercarsintheintersection─mustalsobepresent.

Inestablishingorrefutingacausalrelationitisusuallynecessarytoshowtheprocessbywhichtheallegedcauseproducestheeffect.Suchanexplanationiscalledacausalprocess.

11.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout_______.

a.relationshipsbetweencausesandresults

b.classificationofreasoning

c.someothercommontypesofreasoning

d.somespecialtypeofreasoning

12.Accordingtothepassage,todothe"effecttoeffect"reasoningistoreason_______.

a.fromcausetoeffect

b.fromeffecttocause

c.fromeffecttoeffectandonthecause

d.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

13.Anecessarycauseis______.

a.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

b.oneofthecausesthatcanproducetheeffect

c.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

d.noneofthem

14.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa________.

a.necessarycauseb.sufficientcause

c.contributorycaused.noneofthem

15.Thispassagemainlydiscusses______.

a.causalreasoningb.varioustypesofreasoning

c.classificationofcausesd.thecausalprocess

Questions16-20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Ihearmanyparentscomplainingthattheirteen-agechildrenarerebelling.Iwishitwereso.Atyourageyououghttobegrowingawayfromyourparents.Youshouldbelearningtostandonyourowntwofeet.Buttakeagoodlookatthepresentrebellion.Itseemsthatteen-agersarealltakingthesamewayofshowingthattheydisagreewiththeirparents.Insteadofstrikingoutboldlyontheirown,mostofthemareclutchingatoneanother'shandsforreassurance.

Theyclaimtheywanttodressastheyplease.Buttheyallwearthesameclothes.Theysetoffinnewdirectionsinmusic.Butsomeho