全国专业技术人员职称英语考试辅导材料十一.docx

全国专业技术人员职称英语考试辅导材料十一.docx

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全国专业技术人员职称英语考试辅导材料十一

全国专业技术人员职称英语考试辅导材料（十一）

第十一讲：

阅读理解练习
 第三篇
 TheGeneIndustry
 Majorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingnxymse（酶）intheautomobiletomonitorexhaustnadsenddataompollutiontoamicroprocessorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.theyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimecalls"metal-hungrymicrobse（微生物）thatmightbeusedtominevaluabletracemetalsfromoceanwater".Theyhavealreadydemandedandwontherighttopatentnewliteforms.
 Nervouscritics,includingmanyscientists,worrythatthereifcorporate,national,international,andinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreateimagesnotofoilspills（溢出）,butof"microbespills"thatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulations,Thecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobes,however,ifonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggertheimagination.
 Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likestomachssotheycandigestgrassandhay,therebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefodchain?

shouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequierement,forexample,creatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassemblylineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforus?

Shouldweattempttoeliminate"inferior"peopleandbreeda"super-race"?

（Hitlertriedthis,butwithoutthegeneticweaponrythatmaysoomissueformourfighiting?

Shouldweusegeneticforecastingtopreeliminate"unfit"babies?

Shouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselves,eachofushaving,asitwere,a"savingsbank"fullofsparekidney,livers,orhands?

 Wildasthsesnotionsmaysound,everyonehasitdadvocates（andopposers）inthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.Astwocriticsofgeneticengineering,JeremyRifkinandTedHoward,stateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGod?

"BroadscalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintroducedtoAmericamuchthesamewaysaassemblylines,automobiles,vaccines,computersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvanceb***mescommerciallypractical,anewconsumerneedwillbeexploitdeandamarketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated."
 11.Accordingtothepassage,thenewbiologycouldpotentiallysolvethepollutionproblemofautomobilesby
 Ausingmetal-bungrymicrobes.
 Bmakinguseofenzymes.
 Cadjustingtheengines.
 Dpatentingnewlifeforms.
 12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablyworrythecriticsofthefollowingwouldmostprobablyworrythecriticsofthenewbiology?

 AThemicrobesintheoceanwarter.
 BThecreationandapplicationofbiologicalsolarcells
 CTheaccidentaloilspills.
 DTheunexpectedreleaseofdestructivemicrbes.
 13.WhichofthefollowingpossibilitiesofthebiotechnologicalapplicationsisNOTmentionedinthethirdparagraph?

 ADevelopingasavingsbankofone"sorangs.
 BBreedingsoldiersforawar.
 CProducingpeoplewithcow-likestomachs.
 DUsinggeneticforecastingtocurtdiseases.
 14.Accordingtothepassage,Hitlerhadattemptedto
 Abiologicallychangethepilotstowinthewar.
 Bdevelopgeneticfarmingforincreasingthefoodsupply.
 Ckillthepeoplehethoughtofasbeinginferior.
 Dencouragethedevelopmentofgeneticweaponsforthewar.
 15.WhatistheimplicationofthesratementofJeremyRifkinandTedHoward?

 AThecommercialapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareinevitable.
 BLarge-scalegeneticengineeringhasoccurredintheUntiedStates.
 CAmericansareproudoftheircomputers,automobilesandgenetictechnologies.
 DThepotentialapplicationofeachnewgeneticadvanceshouldbecontrolled.
 第四篇
 PerfectCompetition
 Perfectcompetitionexistsinanindustrythatcontainsmanyrelativelysamllfirmsproducingidenticalproducts.Themostimporthantcharacteristic（特征）ofaperfectlycompetitiveindustryifthatnosinglefirmhasanycontroloverprices.Thisimportantcharacteristicfollowsfromtwoassumptions（假设）.First,acompetitiveindustryiscomposedofmanyfirms,eachbeingverysamllrelativetothesizeoftheindustry.S***nd,everyfirminaperfectlycompetitiveindustryproducseexactlythesameproduct.
 Firmsinperfectlycompetitiveindustriesdonotdifferentiate（区分）theirproducts,nordotheymakedecisionsaboutprice.Rather,eachfirmtakespricesasgiven-thatis,asdeterminedinthemarketbythelawsofsupplyanddemand-anddecidesolnyhowmuchtoproduceandhowtoproduceit.Giventheavailability（可得性）ofperfectsubstitutes,anyproductpricedoverthemarketpricewillnotbesold.
 Inperfectcompetitionwealsoassumethatfirmscanfreelyenterandexittheindustry.Theassumptionoffreeentryimpliesthatiffirmsinanindustryareearningexcessivelyhighprofits,newfirmsthatseektodothesamethingarelikelytospringup.Fastfoodrestaurantsarequicktospringupwhenanewshoppingcenteropens.Whereprofitopportunitiespresentthemselves,weassumethatfirmssillenterandcompeteforthem.
 Freeexitispossiblewhenfirmscansimplystopproducingtheirproductsandleaveamarket.Generallyspeaking,afirmclosesdowmbecauseitissufferinglossesorbecauseprofitsareinsufficient.NewEnglandtextileandfurnitureproductsfoundthemselvesfacingincreasingforeigncompetition,aswellaslowerproductioncostsintheSouth.Whilesomefirmspackedupandmoved,otherssimplygotoutofthebusinessaltogether.
 16.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureofperfectcompetitionaccordingtothepassage?

 AThefirmsinvolvedaresmallcomparedtothesizeoftheindustry.
 BThefirmsinvolvedproducegoodsofthesamekind.
 CThesizeoftheindustryisususllyverysamll.
 DThepriceoftheproductsisdeterimnedbythemarket.
 17.Inaperfectlycompetitiveindustry,thepriceisdecidedby
 Asomeleadingfirmsinthisbusiness.
 Btherulesofsupplyanddemand.
 Canassociationofthebusiness.
 Dthecentralgovernment.
 18.Ifafirmsellsitsproductsatapricehigherthanthatofthemarket,consumerswill
 Abuygoodsofthesamekindproducedbyothercompanies.
 Bstopbuyingthistypeofproductsaltogether.
 Cuseanlthertypeofgoodsassubstitutes.
 Dcontinuetobuyitsproductsbecausroftheirgoodquality.
 19.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormentions"fastfoodrestaurants"toshow
 Atherapidemergenceofnewindustriesindowntownareas.
 Btheprosperityofserviceindusriesinbackwardcountries.
 Cpeople"senthusiasmforshopping.
 Dbusinessmen"sinterestinhigh-profitindustries.
 20.Whatisthemostimportantreasonforacompanytoquitabusiness?

 ASomeotherfirmsaremakingmoremoney.
 BThereistoomuchcompetitioninthisindustry.
 CItisnotmakingadequateprofit.
 DForeignproductshavegotcontrolofthemarket.
 第五篇
 AtWarwithaGiant
 ThenultinationalcorporationMcDonald"s,whichhasaglobalempireofabout14,000restaurantsin70conutriesandmakesover6billionpoundsayear,isintheprocessofsuingtwopennilessandunemployedBritishenvironmentalactivists（活动分子）.ItisaccusingDavidMorris,aformerpostman,andHelenSteel,aformergardener,ofdistributingaleafletinthe80sthatishighlycriticalofthecompany"senvironmentalr***r,thetreatmentofitsworkersandthenutritionalqualityofitsfood.McDonald"sdeniesalltheallegations（断言）.
 WhenMcDonald"slauncheditsfirstattackonthecouplein1990,itprobablyexpectedthemtobackdown.Buttheydidnot.ForMorrisandSteelthetrialisanopportunitytobroadcasttheirallegationsagainstMcDonald"stotheworld.Andtheyhavenothingtolose.Theyhavenomoneyorproperty,sothatevenifMcDonald"sdoeswin,thehamburgershainwillnotbeabletor***veranyofthecostsofthecasefromtherwoactivists.ThetrialwasoriginallyscheduledtolastthreewddksbutitcelebrateditsfirstyearinJune1995andisexpectedtogoonuntilatleastJanuary1996.
 HelenSteelexplainedwhytheytookonthisbattleagainstthecorporationgiant:

"Wefeltthatreallywehadnooptionbuttofightthiscase.It"simportanttodefendfreedomofspeechandtheprblic"srighttocriticizethebusinesspracticesofhugemultinationalcompanies."ThecoupleishelpedbyDanMills,aformerlawyer,whosays:

"wearegettingsupportfromallroundthecountryandallroundtheworld.Peoplearesendinginlettersandmessageofsupport.Andalsowearegettingdonationsformpeopleallovertheworld."
 Thereisstillnoendinsightforthetrial.IfSteelandMorriswin,thereputationofMcDonald"smayneverbethesameagain.
 21.ThemultinationalcorporatiomMcDonald"ssuedtheBritishcouplebecause.
 AMcDonald"sconsideredthatnoneoftheallegationstheymadewasreal.
 BTheyhadabadenvironmentalr***rdalthoughtheywereenvirommentalactivists.
 CTheyalwaysviolatedthedisciplinesofMcDonald"s.
 DMcDonald"sconsideredthattheirdistributionofaleafletwasillegal.
 22.Themainreasonthatthecouplelookedforwardtothetrialtobeheldwasthatthey
 Aexpectedtoearnsomemoneyfromthetrial.
 BwantedtoexposesomeillegalactionsofMcDonald"s.
 Cwantedtobeknowmintheworld.
 Dwerenotafraidoflosingthecase.
 23.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsconceringthedurationofthetrial