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英国浪漫主义时期
ChapterIIITheRomanticPeriod
(一)考核知识点
1浪漫主义时期概述
1)浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治,经济,文化背景2)浪漫主义文学创作的基本主
3)英国浪漫主义文学的特色4)浪漫主义文学对同时代与后世英国文学的影响
2浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想与其代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,艺术手法与社会意义等。
(二)考核要求
1浪漫主义时期概述
1)识记:
a.浪漫主义时期的界定b.历史文化背景
2)领会:
a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。
b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主与对后世文学的影响。
3)应用:
a.名词解释:
浪漫主义b.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析
2该时期的重要作家
2)领会:
重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色与其代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,社会意义等。
3)应用:
a.浪漫派诗歌(所选作品)的主题,意象分析
b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。
1.一般识记EnglishRomanticism
EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.
2.识记HistoricalandCulturalbackground
Duringthisperiod,Englandhadexperiencedprofoundeconomicandsocialchange.ThebiggestsocialchangeinEnglishhistorywasthetransferoflargenumberofthepopulationfromthecountrysidetothetowns.AsaresultoftheEnclosures(圈地运动)andtheagriculturalmechanization(农业机械化),thepeasantsweredrivenoftheirland,itcausedlarge-scaleworkers'disturbancesinEngland.
3领会
(1)InfluencesoftheRomanticMovement
Romanticismconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.Inessenceitdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualasthecenterofalllifeandallexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart,makingliteraturemostvaluableasanexpressionofman’suniquefeelingsandparticularattitudesandindescribingtheindividual'sexperiences.
(2)TheRomanticviewsaboutliterature
a.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.
b.TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.ThetwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAustenandWalterScott.
c.Besidespoetryandprose,somewritershavetriedtowritepoeticdramasinthisperiod.
4应用
(1)LiteraryTerms
a.TheRomanticMovement
Itexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.TheRomanticsfeltthattheexistingsocietydeniedpeopletheiressentialhumanneeds,sotheygetridofthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.TheRomanticssawmanessentiallyasanfreeandindependentindividualandemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual'smind.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentionto….(接上浪漫主义运动的影响)
b.TheGothicnovel
Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelate18thcenturyandwasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement,itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horrorandthesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader'semotion.Withitsdescriptionsofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature,theGothicformhasagreatinfluencetothewriteroftheRomanticperiod.Frankenstein(1818)byMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.
(2)CharacteristicsofRomanticliteratureinEnglishhistory.
TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergywhichcouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.TheRomanticsnotonlypraisetheimagination,butalsostresstheconceptofspontaneityandinspiration,regardingthemassomethingimportantfortruepoetry.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.Wordsworthistheclosesttonature. Toescapefromarationalworldthathadbecamematerialisticandugly,theRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplaces,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRome,ItalianandFrenchneoclassicalart.TotheRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Romanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheabsoluteandidealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesofstructureandstyle.
I.WilliamBlake
Englishpoet,artistandphilosopher,1757-1827.BlakeistheearliestmajorEnglishRomanticpoets.Hispoemsrangefromlyricsofchildlikesimplicitytomysticalorprophetic(预言的)worksofgreatcomplexity.Asanartistheisbestknownforhisengravings(雕刻).
2.识记Hispolitical,religiousandliteraryviews
Blakenevertriedtofitintotheworld,hewasarebelinnocentlyandcompletelyallhislife.Hewaspoliticallyofthepermanentleft,Blakestronglycriticizedthecapitalists'cruelexploitation,meanwhilehehadgreatexpectationsandenthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution.LiterarilyBlakewasthefirstimportantRomanticpoet,showingcontemptfortheruleofreason,opposingtheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcenturyandtreasuringtheindividual'simagination.
3.领会Hispoems
(1)Earlyworks
TheSongsofInnocence<天真之歌>HisSongsofExperience<经验之歌>
Blake’sMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂与地狱的结合》markshisentryintomaturity.ThepoemwascomposedduringtheclimaxoftheFrenchRevolutionanditplaysthedoublerolebothasasatireandarevolutionaryprophecy.Inthispoem,Blakeexplorestherelationshipofthecontraries.Lifeisacontinualconflictofgiveandtake,ofgoodandevil,ofinnocenceandexperience,ofbodyandsoul.“Withoutcontraries,”Blakestates,“thereisnoprogression.”
(2)Laterworks
Inhislaterperiod,Blakewrotequiteafewpropheticbooks,whichrevealhimastheprophetofuniversalpoliticalandspiritualfreedomandshowthepoethimselfasthespokesmanofrevolt.Themajoronesare:
TheBookofUrizen(尤莱森之书),TheBookofLos(洛斯之书).AndMilton(弥尔顿).
4.领会CharacteristicsofBlake’spoems
Blakedeclarethat“IknowthatthisworldisaworldofimaginationandVision,”andthat“TheNatureofmyworkisvisionaryorimaginative.”Asanimaginativepoet,hepresentshisviewinvisualimagesinsteadofabstractterms.Blakewriteshispoemsinplainanddirectlanguage.Hispoemsoftencarrythelyricbeautywithimmensecompressionofmeaning.Hedistruststheabstractnessandtendstoembodyhisviewswithvisualimages.Symbolisminwiderangeisalsoafeatureofhispoetry.
5.应用SelectReadings:
1)TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofInnocence)天真之歌
SongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsufferings.Forexample,“HolyThursday”withitsvisionofcharitychildrenlit“witharadiancealltheirown”remindsusaworldoflossandinstitutionalcruelty.Thepoorchilddescribedin“TheChimneySweeper,”evokesunbearablepoignancywhenhefinallyputshistrustintheorderoftheuniverseasheknowsit.Inthisvolume,Blake,withhiseagerquestfornewpoeticsformsandtechniques,brokecompletelywiththetraditionsofthe18thcentury.Heexperimentedinmeter(音步)andrhymes(尾韵)andintroducedboldmetricalinnovationswhichcouldnotbefoundinthepoetryofhiscontemporaries.
Inthe18thcentury,smallboyssometimesnomorethan4or5yearsold,wereemployedtoclimbupthenarrowchimneyfluesandcleanthem,collectingthesootinbags.Suchboys,sometimessoldtothemastersweepersbytheirpoorparents.Thispoem,infact,isaprotestagainsttheharmthatsocietydoestoitschildrenbyexploitingthemforlaborofthiskind,Thepoemwaswritteninthechild's-eyepointofview,andthedramaticirony(whatthespeakersaysinthepoemisdifferentfromwhatthepoetmeans)arisesfromthepoet'sknowingmoreorseeingmorethanthechilddoes.
2)TheChimneySweeper(fromsongsofExperience<经验之歌>)
HisSongsofExperiencepaintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytone.Englandbecomestheworldofthedarkwoodandhopeless.In"London",thecityisnolongeraparadise,butbecomestheseatofpovertyanddespair.Thepoemselectedhererevealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytothepoorchildren.Thepoemalsorevealstherelationbetweenareeconomiccircumstance,i.e.theexploitationofchildlaborandanideologicalcircumstance,i.e.theroleplayedbyreligioninmakingpeoplecomplianttoexploitation.
3)TheTyger(includedinSongsofExperience)
TheTygerisoneofBlake'sbest-knownpoems.Itseeminglypraisesthegreatpoweroftiger,butwhatthetigersymbolizesremainsdisputable:
thepowerofman?
Ortherevolutionaryforce?
Ortheevil?
Orasitisusuallyinterpreted,theAlmightyMaker万能的上帝whocreatedboththemeekandgentlelambandtheterribleandawesometiger?
Thepoemishighlysymbolicwithatouchofmysticismanditisopentovariousinterpretations.ThepoemcontainssixquatrainsinrhymingcoupletsanditslanguageIsbriefandforcefulwithananvilrhythm.
II.WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850),Hedevelopedakeenloveofnatureasayouth.AnotherimportantinfluenceonhislifewastheFrenchRevolution.In1798WordsworthandColeridgecollaboratedonabookofpoemsentitledLyricalBalladsRobertSouthey,SamuelTaylorColerdgeand