跨文化交际常见问题.docx

跨文化交际常见问题.docx

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跨文化交际常见问题

跨文化交际常见问题

LT

enhancethiskindofactivity,andthusendoweditselftheself-reflectivenature.

Cultures,likecommunication,varyaccordingtodifferenthistory,geography,religionandworldviews,buttheystillsharecertainfeatures.

A.Invisible:

aswerefertoacertainculture,weoftenmeantheworldviews,perceptions,values,attitudesandpreferencebeneathallthephenomenainthatculture,whichareallintangibleobjecttohumanbeings.

B.Learned:

cultureisnotaprocessionthatweinheritedfromoutparentsorforefathers,butisgraduallyacquiredafterbirthbytheinfluenceofthetraditionalpatternsandstandardsinthecommunityweliving.

C.Ethnocentric:

Eachculturehasitsreligion,mythandlegendswhichconvinceeverygenerationthattheyarespecial,powerfulandintelligentandarethuscapableofgreatachievements.Suchpridehelpstobindpeopleinasocietytogethertostriveforevergreateraccomplishments.

D.Integrated:

Cultureisacomplexandinclusivesysteminwhichallcomponents,suchasvalues,norms,perceptionsandrules,areinterrelated.Andanychangeinoneaspectoftheculturewillaffectmanyotheraspects.

3.Howarecultureandlanguagerelatedtoeachother?

A.Languageisaguidetosocialreality.Languagedoesnotmerelyservetoallowustodescribewhatweseeasreality,butlanguagealsoshapesthewayweseethisreality.

B.Languagecanrecordculture

Languagecanrecordthedevelopmentofasociety.Peoplecanlearncultureleftbehindbytheirancestorsthroughlanguage,andleavetheirculturetodescendantsthroughlanguage.Forexample,ifwewanttoknowtheChineseculture1000yearsago,wecanresearchtherecordsofthattime.Thereforethroughlanguage,civilizationpassesoverfromgenerationtogeneration.Thesocietywillthenmakeprogressstepbystep.

Infact,wecanknowotherculturesbyreadingbooks.Wedon'tneedtogotogoabroadtoknowaboutculturesofforeigncountries.Languagebringsusconveniencetolearndifferentcultures.

C.Cultureaffectslanguage

Fromthedefinitionofculture,weknowthatcultureincludesgeography,religion,tradition,custom,valueandsoon.Infact,cultureoftenaffectslanguagethroughthem.

Everynationlivesandworksinacertainnaturalenvironment,whichisreflectedbyitslanguage.Peoplefromdifferentregionsmayhavedifferentlanguages.Theyusedifferentwords,metaphorstoexpresstheirviewstowardstheirenvironment.

Nearlyeverynationhasitsreligion.Religionisanimportantpartinculture.Manydailyusedwordsarefromreligion.Forinstance:

Adam'sapple（喉结）;myrib（我妻）;Judas'skiss（背叛）。

Everyculturehasitsspecificfeatures,whichisreflectedthroughlanguage.Chinesepeoplefromsomeregionsareaccustomedtosleepona炕（aheatablebed）.Theyeat冰糖葫芦（candiedhawsonastick）.Whereaswesternersgotomoteleathamburger.

Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentvalues.Sometimes,thedifferencescausemisunderstandings.Peopleshouldpayattentiontothedifferentvaluesofdifferentcultures.

Culturebackgrounddeterminesaman'snativelanguage.Forexample,ifaChineseinfantisadoptedbyanAmericancouplewholiveinAmerican,heorshewillgrowupspeakingperfectEnglish.

4.Howdoestheperceptionofcommunicationduetoculturaldifferencesaffectinterculturalcommunication?

Culturestronglyinfluencesoursubjectiverealityandtherearedirectlinksamongculture,perception,andbehavior.Therearesomefactorsinculturalbelief,value,andpatternsthatmightinfluencebothperceptionandcommunication.

Firstly,beliefsystemsaresignificanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunication,becausetheyareatthecoreofourthoughtsandactions.Theyareourconvictioninthetruthofsomething.Theytellushowtheworldoperates.Beliefsystemsareimportantbecausetheyarelearnedandhencesubjecttoculturalinterpretationandculturaldiversity.Wemustbeabletorecognizethefactthatcultureshavedifferentrealitiesandbeliefsystems.Beliefsaresuchaninfluentialfactorininterculturalcommunicationbecausetheyaffectourconsciousandunconsciousminds,aswellasthemannerinwhichwecommunicate.

Secondly,oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbeliefsystemisthattheyarethebasisofourvalue.Formally,avaluemaybedefinedasanenduringbeliefthataspecificmodeofconductofend-stateofexistenceispersonallyofsociallypreferabletoanother.Anawarenessofculturalvaluealsohelpsusunderstandourownbehavior.Thus,valueisanotherveryimportantfactortoaffectinterculturalcommunication.

Thirdly,culturalpatternscanaffectinterculturalcommunication;cultureisextremelycomplexandconsistsofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientationsbesidesbeliefsandvalue.Culturalpatternsrefertoboththeconditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapersonperceivesandthinksabouttheworld,andthemannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.

Thesethreefactorsmakepeoplehavedifferentculture,andalsoaffectboththeperceptionandcommunication.

5.Howdoyouunderstandaboutglobalization?

Whatfactorsmayleadtothegrowthofglobalization?

Globalization:

Anoverview

Nowpeoplefromallovertheworldaremoreconnectedtoeachotherthaneverbefore.Informationandmoneyflowmorequicklythanever.Goodsandservicesproducedinonepartoftheworldareincreasinglyavailableinallpartsoftheworld.Internationaltravelismorefrequent.Internationalcommunicationiscommonplace.Thisphenomenoniscalled“globalization”.

Globalizationdescribesthepolitical,economic,andculturalatmosphereoftoday.

Whilesomepeoplethinkofglobalizationasprimarilyasynonymforglobalbusiness,itismuchmorethanthat.Thesameforcesthatallowbusinessestooperateasifnationalbordersdidnotexistalsoallowsocialactivists,labororganizers,journalists,academics,andmanyotherstoworkonaglobalstage.

Whilecomingupwithadefinitionisdifficult,anevengreaterchallengeisdecidingwhetherglobalizationisagoodthingorabadthing.Globalizationismuchlikefire.Fireitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Globalizationcanbeincrediblyempoweringandincrediblycoercive.Itcandemocratizeopportunityanddemocratizepanic.Itmakesthewhalesbiggerandtheminnowsstronger.Itleavesyoubehindfasterandfaster,anditcatchesuptoyoufasterandfaster.Whileitishomogenizingcultures,itisalsoenablingpeopletosharetheiruniqueindividualityfartherandwider.

Globalizationwillalwayshavecheerleaderswhoareblindtothedestructionglobalizationcancause.Anditwillalwayshavestridentopponentsblindtothewayglobalizationgivessomepeopletheirfirstopportunitytofulfillbasicaspirations.

Somefactorscontributingtoglobalization

ThecurrenteraofglobalizationbeganshortlyaftertheendofWorldWarIIwiththevictoriouswesternpowerssupportingaworldwide“open”tradeandinvestmentpolicy（YanMing,2006）.

1.Newtechnology

Technologyisonereasonfortheglobalizationphenomenon.Computers,whichhaveeasedtelecommunicationburdens,arecheapernowthantheyhaveeverbeen—andmorepowerful,too.Newtechnologywillleadtoevenfurtherglobalbusinessintegration,astheinternetbecomesmoreacceptedasabusinessmediumworldwide.

2.Openmarket

Thosewhoarguethatglobalizationisagoodthingsaycompaniesdealingontheworldstagewilleventuallybecomemuchmoreefficientastheybenefitfromlargeeconomiesofscale.Productivitywillbeboostedandlivingstandardseverywherehavethepotentialtoriseastheworldbecomesricherandmoreprosperousbecauseofglobalization.

3.Overseasjobopportunities

Globalizationcreatesmorejobsthanitactuallydestroys,buttheyareindifferentsectorsandindifferentgeographicregions.Ittakesmoreskill,educationandmobilitytobeemployable.ThejobslostinEuropeandNorthAmericaoverthedecadeshavegenerallybeenthoserequiringrelativelyuneducatedworkers.Indeed,wagedifferencesbetweentheskilledandunskilledwilllikelyincrease.Bothsidescanpointtoampleexamplestosupporttheircases.Whatisirrefutableisthattheworldeconomicpieisindeedbigger—anditisbeingsliceddifferentlythanbefore.

PartIIDiscussion

1.Explainthisstatementandgiveexamplesofit“Peoplearealike,andpeoplearedifferent”

Thesimilaritiesofhumans:

Allhumansaroundtheworldarelikeeveryotherhumanbeing.Ourcommonalitiesasaspeciesgofarbeyondthewaysinwhichweshareideasandinformation.Weareidenticalinnumerousphysiologicalandchemicalways.Weallhaveaheart,lungs,brain,andthelike.Wearealsoliterallymadeofthesamecomponents:

water,salt,bloodandsoon.Moreover,emotionslikeself-respect,admiration,vanity,andsoonarecommontoallcultures.Taketheconceptofself-respectforexample.InWesternculture,wemaysayego;andinChina,wemaysayface-saving,machoinMexico,andprideinJapan.Thepointis,suchfeelingsevokedverymuchthesame.

Differencesofhumanbeings:

sincethecreationoftheworldthereneverweretwocasesexactlyparallelandeventhepeople.Ourexperienceoftheworldisbothinternalandunique,thereforeweeachresponsetotheworlddifferently.Culture,aswellasindividual,differenceskeepusapart.Althoughthephilosophicalissuesofdeath,isolation,freechoice,andmeaningconfronteveryone,ourresolutionsforeachissuehavetheirrootsdeepinculture.Forexample,Hinduismtellsitsmembersthattheywillbereincarnatedwhentheydie.InIslam,deathmovespeopleintoheavenorhell,dependingonhowtheylived.

（Inaword,itisinappropriatetosaythatwearemorealikeo