句子结构常见错误.docx

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句子结构常见错误.docx

句子结构常见错误

句子结构常见错误

SentenceStructureProblems

英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的,在写作中如果违背这些规则,

那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解,或引起歧义。

要想避免发生这

些情况,在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。

我们对

常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。

残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂

修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。

我将对这些问题逐一进行分析,

以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因,并掌握纠正错误的方法

残缺句(SentenceFragments)

所谓残缺句,顾名思义,就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的

句子片断。

尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头,

并在结尾处带有标点,然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整

的意思,仅是一组词而已。

请看下列句子:

FragmentWonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo.

RevisedSentenceMr.Smithhadbeenwonderingwhathissonwas

goingtodo.

FragmentSomeerrorsinwritingareserious.Forexample,

fragmentsandrun-onsentences.

RevisedSentencesSomeerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,

fragmentsandrun-onsentences.

ORSomeerrorsinwritingareserious,amongwhichare

fragmentsandrun—onsentences

 

虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现,但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句

和以各种形式拆开的短语,如句号错误(periodfault)。

Fragments

Havingdrivenacrossthedesert.Weenjoyedthecoolweather.

Heenjoysflowersandshrubs.Whichhelpscreenhisyardfrom

thestreet.

RevisedSentences

Havingdrivenacrossthedesert,weenjoyedthecoolweather.

Heenjoysflowersandshrubs,whichhelpscreenhisyard

fromthestreet.

0R

Heenjoysflowersandshrubs.Theyhelpscreenhisyardfrom

thestreet.

在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题,特别要注意那些以从属

连词或短语等开头的句子,这些词都是“危险词”。

要确定以这

些词开始的每个从句,都应附属于一个独立的句子。

避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。

我们

知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表

达单位.它至少具有一个主语和谓语。

动词的非限定形式不能

在句中作为谓语单独使用,除非是在如Wheretogotonight?

短的问句中.因此在写句子时要特别注意。

改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法:

1将句中用的句号变成逗号,或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属

的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思的句子。

例如:

Fragments

Sincethereisalackofinterest.Thereisagreatlackofinformation.

Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments.

Becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting.

Ilookforwardtoholidays.Forexample,Thanksgivingand

Christmas.

RevisedSentences

Sincethereisalackofinterest,thereisagreatlackofinformation。

Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments

becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting.

Ilookforwardtoholidays,forexample,Thanksgivingand

Christmas.

2)把残缺句扩展到主句中,或通过添加或减少某些成分。

把残缺

改写为独立、完整的句子。

例如:

Fragments

Iaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit.Suchas

lemons,oranges,andgrapefruit.

Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity.

Itwasdifficulttodecide。

whichchoicetomake.Toreturntoschoolortoacceptthejob.

RevisedSentences

Iaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit。

Examplesare

lemons,oranges,andgrapefruit.

Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity,thewomen

committedsuicide.

Itwasdifficulttodecidewhethertoreturntoschoolortoaccept

thejob.

Directions:

Trytorevisethefollowingfragmentsinoneormorethan

oneway.

1.Becausesomestudentshavepart—timejobsinadditiontogoing

toschool

2.Thetablewascoveredwithfreshvegetables.Suchaslettuce,

carrots,spinach,andsquash.

3.Joetriestocallhomeonceaweek.Tobeintouchwithhisfamily

4。

Hemadeapointofenteringeachmisspelledwordinanotebook。

Which

hekeptforthatpurpose.

5.Itwasawonderfulweek.Fishingandswimmingeverydayanddancing

everynight.

 

Revisedsentences

1.Becausesomestudentshavepart-timejobsinadditiontofull—time

classwork,theyhaveverylittlefreetime.

2.Thetablewascoveredwithfreshvegetablessuchaslettuce,carrots,

spinachandsquash.

3.Joetriestocallhomeonceaweektokeepintouchwithhisfamily.

4.Hemadeapointofenteringeachmisspelledwordinanotebook,

whichhekeptforthatpurpose.

5.Itwasawonderfulweek.Wewentfishingandswimmingevery

dayanddancingeverynight.

OR:

Itwasawonderfulweek.Wefishedandswameverydayand

dancedeverynight.

2.接排句(Run-onSentence)

所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起,而没有正确

的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。

这样的句子,意思含混不

清,使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。

接排句有两种形式:

一是

融合句(fusedsentence),即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词;

另一种更为常见的形式是逗号连接(commasplice),即没有并列连

词,只用逗号代替分号和句号,把两个完整的意思连接起来。

请看

例句:

FusedSentences

1。

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmaththeboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.

2.Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryonetheyare

essentialforthehearing-impaired.

CommaSplices

1。

Educationisanelusiveword,itoftenmeansdifferentthings

todifferentpeople.

2.HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational

Park,theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry.

改正接排句的基本方法可根据句子之间的不同关系分为以下5种

1。

用句号分隔.当长句或两个句子之间的关系不是很密切或毫无

关系时,可使用这种方法。

例如:

RevisedSentences

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath.Theboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.

Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone.They

areessentialforthehearing-impaired.

Educationisanelusiveword.Itoftenmeansdifferentthingsto

differentpeople.

HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational

Park.Theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry

2用分号隔开。

用分号连接两个独立的分句时,它们之间的关系

在意义和语法结构上比起使用句号时,关系较紧密.

RevisedSentences

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath;theboysscoredhigherin

verbalskills.

Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;they

areessentialforthehearing-impaired.

Educationisanelusiveword;itoftenmeansdifferentthings

todifferentpeople.

HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational

Park;theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry.

 

3使用并列连词连接.当接排的句子之间关系紧密,容易辨别且

合乎逻辑时,可以借助并列连词来连接,通常在这些连词前要

加上逗号.

RevisedSentences

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath,and/buttheboysscored

higherinverbalskills.

Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone,but

theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired.

Educationisanelusiveword,foritoftenmeansdifferent

thingstodifferentpeople.

YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresof

backcountry,andhikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacation

there.

4使用连接副词连接.根据作者的意图和句子的需要。

接排的句

子可以使用连接副词来连接。

这时,句子之间要用分号。

在连

接副词的后面还要加逗号,但是一般在单音节的连词后不加逗

号。

如so,yet.thus等.

RevisedSentences

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath;however,theboysscoredhigher

inverbalskills.

Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;neverthe1ess,

theyareessentialforthehearing—impaired.

Educationisanelusiveword;indeed,itoftenmeansdifferent

thingstodifferentpeople.

YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry;

therefore,hikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationthere.

5.使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接。

当可以判断出一个

句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时,可以将此接排句

改写成复合句。

 

RevisedSentences

Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath,whiletheboysscoredhigher

inverbalskills.

Althoughgesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone,

theyareessentialforthehearing—impaired.

Thepowerfailurecausedablackoutwhichcreatedalotof

problems.

HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational

Park,whichconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry

Directions:

Revisethefollowingrun—onsentences

1.Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale

professionstheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto

desirablecareerpaths.

2.Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,allthe

tablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.

3.Ericwaslatetoworkheranalltheway.

Revisedsentences

1.Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale

professions,fortheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoors

todesirablecareerpaths.

OR:

Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale

professions;theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto

desirablecareerpaths.

OR:

Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale

professions.Theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto

desirablecareerpaths.

OR:

Becausewomenhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto

desirablecareerpaths,theynolongerneedtomoveintothe

traditionallymaleprofessions.

2.Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown.

AllthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.

OR:

Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,but

allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.

OR:

Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown;

however,allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoat

Festival.

OR:

Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown;all

thetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.

OR:

AlthoughIcalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantin

town,allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.

3.Ericwaslatetowork,soheranalltheway.

or:

Ericranalltheway;otherwise,hecouldhavebeenlateto

work.

or:

BecauseEricwaslatetowork,heranalltheway.

or:

Ericranallthewaybecausehewaslatetowork.

or:

Ericwaslatetoworkalthoughheranalltheway.

Directions:

Identifyandcorrectseriouserrors(suchasfragments·

fusedsentencesandcommasplices)ineachofthefollowing.

1.Withouttellinganyone,evenhersister,Mary,goingtothe

park,meetingherfriends.

2.Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible,theytookalldaytodo·

3.Thatthecoursewassohardweallstudieddayandnight,withno

onegettinganAoraB.

4.Iknockedon/atthedoorwhentheladycameIgavehermostin-

gratiatingsmile.

5.Whydoyouaskwhatconcernisitofyours?

6.Gettingmarriediseasy,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter。

7.Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable.Andthenfound

that,whenthedinnerarrived,herappetitehadgone·

8.Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement,shewasnotat

acompletelossforwords,either.

Revisedsentences

1.Withouttellinganyone,notevenhersister,Marywenttothe

parktomeetherfriends.

2.Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible;therefore,theytook

alldaytodo.

3.Thecoursewassohardthatwealls

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