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二语习得期末作业doc
CommunicativeLanguageTeaching
Abstract:
AslongastheCommunicativeLanguageTeachingwasintroducedintoChina,ithadbeenappliedtolanguageteachingimmediatelyandgraduallysubsituteforourtraditionalteachingmethods.Thispaper,firstofall,introducesCommunicativeLanguageleachinginanall-roundwaybyelaboratingtheprimaryprinciplesofcommunicativelanguageapproachfromfiveaspects.ThenitgoontodealwiththeCommunicativeApproachinChinaandlistsomeusefulclassactivitiesthatmayutilizeintheteachingprocess.Atlast,thepassagealsogivesomecommentsandsuggestionsonthisapproach.
Keywords:
CLT;principIe;classactivities;evaluation
1.Introdaction
TheoriginsoftheCommunicativeLanguageTeachingaretobefoundinthechangesintheBritishlanguageteachingtraditiondatingfromthelate1960s.Inthelatesixties,thecurrentsituationalapproachwasquestioned.Britishappliedlinguisticsbegantoemphasizethefundamentaldimensionoflanguageteachingatthattime-thefunctionalandcommunicativepotentialoflanguage.ScholarslikeChristopherCandlinandHenryWiddowsondrewontheworkofBritishfunctionallinguisticssuchasJohnFirth,andHalliday,AmericanworkinsocioliguiticislikeDellHymesaswellasworkinphilosophyandargueforfocusinlanguageteachingoncommunicativeproficiencyratherthanonmeremasteryofstructures.
In1971,agroupofexpertsbegantoinvestigatethepossibilityofdevelopinglanguagecoursesonaunit-creditsystem.Atthattime,Wilkins,aBritishlinguistproposedafunctionalorcommunicativesyllabusforlanguageteaching.Heattemptedtodemonstratethesystemsofmeaningthatlaybehindthecommunicativeusesoflanguage.Hedescribedtwotypesofmeanings,thenotionalcategoriesandcategoriesofcommunicativefunctions.HehadhisideaspublishedinNotionalSyllabus(Wilkins1976).
Chomskyhaddemonstrated,inSyntacticStructures(1957),thatthecurrentstandardstructuraltheoriesoflanguagewereincapableofaccountingforthefundamentalcharacteristicoflanguage—thecreativityanduniquenessofindividualsentences.Consequently,anewlanguageteachingapproachisneededthatnotonlyshouldemphasizeonmeremasteryofstructuresbutalsooncommunicativeproficiency.
CommunicativeLanguageApproach(CLA)isasystemofteachingmethodthattakeslanguagefunctionasthekeylinktocultivatestudents,communicativeability.Thetheoreticaloriginofthisapproachcanbetracedbacktotheworkofanthropologicallinguists(e.g.Hymes,1972)andthefunctionallinguist(e.g.Halliday,1973),whotaketheviewthatlanguageisforinteractionandcommunicationandlanguagehasfunctionsrelatedtosociety.Inthislight,languagestudyhastolookattheuse
(function)oflanguagebothinitslinguisticanditssocialorsituationaltext.
CommunicativeLanguageTeaching(orCommunicativeApproach)isanapproachtoforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichemphasizesthatthegoaloflanguageteachingiscommunicativecompetence.Communicativelanguageteachingcanbeunderstoodasasetofprinciplesaboutthegoalsoflanguageteaching,howlearnerslearnalanguage,thekindsofclassroomactivitiesthatbestfacilitatelearning,andtherolesofteachersandlearnersintheclassroom.AlthoughCLTisregardedbymanylinguistsandteachersasthemosteffectiveapproachamongthosecurrentlyusedinELT,thequestionofwhetheritisadaptableforEnglishlanguageteachinginChinaisstillancontroversialissuethathasarousedlotsofheateddiscussions.
2.PrimaryPrinciplesofCLA
CLAhastofollowsomeprimaryprinciples,whichareillustratedbelow.
2.1Approach
CLAacceptsthestructuralviewoflanguageandaddedafunctionalviewtoit.Structuralviewfocusesonthegrammaticalformsoflanguage,whilethefunctionalviewlooksatwhatthestructuralformsexpressinspecificcontext.Accordingly,socialcontextisimportantindecidingwhatlinguisticformstouse.Inaddition,theawarenessofcultureisviewedassocioculturalcompetence.
2.2TeacherandstudentrolesinCLA
2.2.1TheRoleoftheTeachers
Communicativelanguageteachingisthegenerallyacceptednorminthefieldofsecondlanguageteaching.InCLTtheteacherservesasmoreofafacilitator,allowingstudentstobeinchargeoftheirownlearning.
2.2.1.1Organizer
Inthecommunicativelanguageteaching,theteachershouldorganizethecommunicativeactivities,duringwhichthestudentscanhaveinteractionsaccordingtothetopics.Consequently,atthebeginningofeachclass,theteachershoulddesignvariouscommunicativeactivitiesthatcanarousestudents9interests.
2.2A.2Adviser
Duringtheclassroomcommunicativeactivities,thestudentsmayencounterdifferentkindsofexpressingdifficulties,orsometimesevencannotcontinuetheirconversationduetothelimitsoftheirlanguageskillsorlackofcertainknowledge.Whenthishappened,theteachershouldhelpthestudentseitherbygivingthemthedirectexpressingorinspirethemtoexpresstheirideasinanotherway.
FacilitatorandParticipant
BreenandCandlinpointedoutthatincommunicativelanguageteaching,therearetwoimportantrolestheteachershouldactas.Thefirstroleistofacilitatethecommunicationprocessbetweenallparticipantsintheclassroom,andbetweentheseparticipantsandthevariousactivitiesandtexts.Thesecondroleistoactasanindependentparticipantwithinthelearning-teachinggroup.The
latterroleiscloselyrelatedtotheobjectivesofthefirstroleandarisesfromit.
2.2.2TheRoieoftheStudents
InCLT,studentspracticereal-lifesituations.Intheseexercises,thegoalisforthestudenttocommunicatehisorherneedsandthoughts,withoutworryingabouthavingperfectgrammar.
Consequently,ininteractiveclassroomteaching,studentscanactasthemaster,cooperatorandrespondentintheclassroomteachingactivities.
2.2.2.1Manager
InCLT,theclassroomislikeapublicplace;everystudentcanhaveadiscussiononacertaintopicormakearoleplayaccordingtoonesituation.CLTcangivestudentsaccesstoachanceoffreelearning.Inthiskindofclass,thelearningandcommunicatingofstudentsbecomeanactiveandmeaningfulprocess.
2.2.2.2Participant
Duringtheprocessofcommunicativeactivities,studentslearnanduselanguagebydiscussing,communicatingandcooperating.Thatmeans,thelanguagelearningdependsonthecooperationwithotherstudents.One'sexpressionordiscussioncanhaveaninfluenceonothersaswellasbeinginspiredbyothers.Thus,thewholeprocessoflearningalanguageisalsothecourseofcooperation.
2.3Theroleoflearner'snativelanguage
Learner'slanguageplaysabsolutelynoroleintargetlanguagelearningforthesimplereasonthatclassroominteractionshouldbeconductedentirelyinthetargetlanguageinordertolearnthelanguagethroughgenuinecommunication.
2.4Viewsonlearners9errors
Errorsareregardedasanaturalpartoflanguagedevelopmentandarethereforeregardedtolerated.Unlessanerrorhinderscommunication,itisusuallynotcorrected.SowithCLA,learnerswillhaveampleopportunitiesinclasstosharetheirideas,opinionsandfeelingswiththeirpeers.
2.5Characteristicsofteachingandlearningprocess
CLAismostnotedforthefollowingfeatures:
Itusesaneed-basedcommunicativesyllabus,oftenafunctionalone.Alessonisusuallyorganizedthroughcommunicativeactivitiesandlanguagefunctions,fromwhichthenecessarylinguisticformsandstructures,aswellasthepragmaticelementsoflanguage,willbederived.
Itemploysquantityofcommunicativeactivitiesthatarepurposeful,meaningfulandthatallowchoice:
CLAusesalmostanyactivitythatengageslearnersinauthenticcommunicationbecauseitisbelievedthatactivitiesthatinvolverealcommunicationpromotelearning;activitiesinwhichlanguageisusedforcarryingoutmeaningfultaskspromotelearning.
Materialsareauthentic.CLAconsidersitveryimportanttochoosestudymaterialthatisauthenticfromthetargetlanguagecommunityforthereasonthatitrenderstheopportunityforlearnerstocopewiththetargetlanguageasitisactuallyused.Generallyspeaking,majordistinctivefeaturesconcludedbyFinocchiaroandBrumfit(1983:
91-3)arethatlearnerslearnalanguagethroughusingittocommunicate;authenticandmeaningfulcommunicationshouldbethegoalofclassroomactivities;fluencyisanimportantdimensionofcommunication;
communicationinvolvestheintegrationofdifferentlanguageskills;learningisaprocessofcreativeconstructionthatinvolvestrialanderror.
3.ClassroomActivitiesinCLT
Awildvarietyofmaterialscanbeusedtosupportcommunicativeapproachestolanguageteaching.Thefollowingsaresomemethodswecanutilizeduringthecommunicativelanguageteaching.
3.1Scrambledsentences
Thestudentsaregivenapassageinwhichthesentencesareinascrambledorder.Thismaybeapassagetheyhaveworkedwithoronetheyhavenotseenbefore.Theyaretoldtounscramblethesentencessothatthesentencesarerestoredtotheiroriginalorder.Thistypeofexerciseteachesstudentsaboutthecohesionandcoherencepropertiesoflanguage.
3.2Picturestripstory
Manyactivitiescanbedonewithpicturestripstories.Intheactivity,onestudentinasmallgroupcanbegivenastripstory.Heshowsthefirstpictureofthestorytotheothermembersofhisgroupandasksthemtopredictwhatthesecondpicturewouldlooklike.Aninformationgapexists-thestudentsinthegroupsdonotknowwhatthepicturecontained.Theyhaveachoiceastowhattheirpredictionwouldbeandhowtheywouldwordit.
3.3Roleplay
RoleplaysareveryimportantinCLTbecausetheygi